Examinig the Effect of Human Population Control Essay...

Introduction As of today’s date, the United States Census Bureau estimated the world’s population to be an astounding number of 7.151 billion, at around a growth rate of roughly 81 million annually, or 1.2% per year. On the other hand, nearly 600 years ago, the population was around 300 million (according to the CIA). Ever since improvements in agricultural productivity and medical advances, population growth has risen drastically over the years. However, when studies proved that it could possibly lead to detrimental scenarios like environmental degradation and poverty, some countries began to establish population control policies. Population control is defined as ‘a policy of attempting to limit the growth in numbers of a population,†¦show more content†¦Technological advancement in fertility treatment grants couples the ability to have a much more successful conception. Unfortunately, overpopulation causes drastic and detrimental effects on our planet. They include: †¢ shortage of resources (water supply, food supply) †¢ social problems (War and conflicts, population density e.g.) †¢ species endangerment (Destruction of habitats, species extinction e.g.) These complications take place because there is an addition of nearly 1 billion people on Earth every 12 years. These issues will only grow if there’s no solution. Global Perspectives- Part 2 India launched its own national family planning program in 1951, which also became the worlds first governmental population stabilization program. Up until now, it is estimated to have prevented 168 million births. In the early 1970s, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi implemented a program regarding forced sterilization on men with two or more children. But when it got too far, such as when single and poor men were subjected to the program, or when a few states stated it was compulsory in order for people to receive new housing or other government benefits, it was hugely criticized and ended as a failure. Nevertheless, India still faces another dilemma: Abortion. The sex ratio of boys to girls (babies) is 1.12/1. In many parts of India (like many other Asian countries), having daughters are not preferred; therefore many

An Analysis Of Ernest Hemingway s The Short Happy Life...

Ernest Hemingway has long been known for his two â€Å"heroes† in his writing. The hero who is a weak, pathetic individual who is often lost physically and mentally, and the code hero who usually shows â€Å"grace under pressure† and helps the Hemingway hero find his place. These two heroes often come together in a relationship where the code hero is the teacher who initiates the Hemingway hero into the code. Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† is the quintessential example of Hemingway’s heroes. In â€Å"The Short Happy life of Francis Macomber,† Macomber has flown to Africa for his most recent hunting endeavor. He is accompanied by his wife, Margot Macomber. The Macombers are staying with Robert Wilson, a†¦show more content†¦She simply doesn’t care what her husband thinks because she knows he will not leave her. This can clearly be seen when she returns home to the tent and is simply â€Å"too tired† to talk to Francis about the night. The repeated used of the words â€Å"too tired† is an indication that the â€Å"manly Wilson† did a good job with Margot. All of Francis Macomber’s cowardice would disappear however; on the buffalo hunt. The morning of the hunt had arrived and Macomber was ready. The minutes of the actual attack were over before Macomber knew it. The car saw the buffalo, he and Wilson got out, and the shooting began. Once the three buffalo were down Macomber felt a drunken elation. He immediately said to Wilson, â€Å"Let’s go to the car, I want a drink.† This is the climax in Macomber’s becoming a man. Early on in the story Macomber was satisfied with a gimlet, but now he wants to celebrate with whisky, a true man’s drink. Macomber repeatedly says, â€Å"let’s have a drink, lets have a drink.† He had never felt so good in his entire life. True symbolism occurs when th e men find out that the first buffalo, the one Macomber shot, isn’t actually dead. I think Hemingway did this as a second chance for the lion incident. Now; however,Show MoreRelatedErnest Hemingway: A Brief Biography 1210 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1899. He was a writer who started his career with a newspaper office in Kansas City when he was seventeen. When the United States got involved in the First World War, Hemingway joined with a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. During his service, he was wounded, and was decorated by the Italian Government. Upon his return to the United States, he was employed by Canadian and American newspapers as a reporter, and sent back to EuropeRead MoreThe Killers And The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1731 Words   |  7 Pages The Killers and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber By: Ernest Hemingway When analysing Ernest Hemingway s work in both â€Å"The Killers† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† you come across many forms of literary devices that hemingway used throughout both novelas and how his application of the elements used in both stories. In both stories we see him use the themes of violence and grace when faced with violence as well as demonstrating the power relations between the characters ofRead MoreThe Hemingway Code Hero : The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1443 Words   |  6 PagesMargot Macomber as the Hemingway Code Hero in â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† Ernest Hemingway is among the most unmatched of American authors. In his works, he is often said to focus on gender roles, especially those of men. Hemingway often created characters that showed the characteristics that he believed made a boy into a man. However, these characteristics are not gender-specific, and could very well apply to women as well. This collection of characteristics became the Hemingway CodeRead MoreWhat Is The Rule For Forming Questions Within The Simple Present And Simple Past?1523 Words   |  7 Pagespoints) What is the rule for forming questions in the simple present and simple past in English? Questions in the simple present can be formed in a couple of ways with questions lacking question words such as â€Å"Do† and â€Å"Does† (examples: Do you read short stories? and Does Frank play the violin?), and questions containing question words such as â€Å"What,† â€Å"When,† and â€Å"Where† (examples: What do you type on your laptop?, When does your brother go to school, and Where do you visit your relatives?). To form

Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect Free Essays

Essay In this paper, I focus on the factors outside the designers influence the undertaking today largely. Sing the whole procedure of undertaking, I think that the most impotent outside factor is the client. He or she gives designers all sorts of demands such as brief, cost, clip, quality etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect or any similar topic only for you Order Now and do designers accomplish these purposes. The inside informations of the positive and negative facets of these influences are discussed in ulterior subdivisions. Architecture trade, in commercial analysis, is service trade. Clients employ designers to finish design and pay them. Then architects achieve the undertaking. It is the simplest procedure of one undertaking. As the beginning of the procedure, clients are the most of import outside factor which impact the undertaking. However, architecture trade besides belongs to cultural industry. Interior designers have duty to demo something meaningful. So when clients’ demands run into architects’ thought, struggle between designers and clients may be ineluctable. What really happened on the struggle? In the follows essay, I focus two facets, design brief and demands, to show the impact. At foremost, the effects of design brief are discussed. In fact, brief is clients’ desire. It tells interior decorators what clients want or non. In most instance the construct of one undertaking is born from the design brief which helps interior decorators make certain the way of undertaking as good. So the impact of design brief may runs throughout the whole procedure of design. It means brief might make up one’s mind one building’s map, manner even aesthetic signifier. For case when clients need a train station, designers can non make a school ; when clients desire a countryside manner house, designers can non make a modernism house. That is to state designers can non make what they own want, disregarding client brief. Whereas, the inquiries that should architects merely do project to run into clients, and should organize follows designers or clients, confuse interior decorators a batch. From the point where I stand, Architects should ne’er merely satis fy with clients’ demands without their ain thought. They need to utilize their ain manner to footnote the design brief instead than merely copying it. Richard McCormack who is former RIBA president wrote in his debut to the art procedure exhibition in 1993, â€Å"successful design transcends expectation.† ( Ralph Morton, David Jaggar, 1995:19 ) Equally far as the impact of design brief. The negative facet is that the brief usually can non be decided at one time it will be changed with the development of undertaking. In most instance, designers may give their professional suggestions to optimise design brief. So frequently has to germinate to get by with alterations in fortunes as the undertaking develops. It is non easy for them to seek to reply demands and aspirations that are both everyday and poetic ( Anderson, Jane, 2011:64 ) . Though brief may do some challenges, in my sentiment, it brings more positive impact on edifice design. It is difficult for designers to plan undertaking without brief. Actually, if the whole procedure is compared to one journey, design brief is our compass which leads to the way. What architect demand to make is esteem design brief and so exceed it. In 2nd subdivision, I focus on the clients’ demands. These demands include, cost, quality and clip. These three elements make up a direction trigon and interplay each other. To get down with, costis a premier consideration. C.M.H.Barritt ( 1982:76 ) stated â€Å"budget bases for the maximal figure that client can afford, or considers economically suitable.† The budget can restrict designers in all facets throughout the whole procedure, such as stuffs, frontage, etc. So how to efficaciously utilize money is one pretty important thing. Same as making a math inquiry, designers have to happen the most value point. It requires interior decorators balance assorted facets and can command the rate at which money is spent. img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopMies_van_der_Rohe_photo_Farnsworth_House_Plano_USA_1_a†°Ã‚ ¬.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.001.jpg"Massive money can non assure that one undertaking must be perfect, but less money will be harder to back up one antic design. For illustration if one client gives ?1m to plan a house and another one client give you ?10,000 to make the same undertaking, the consequence is obvious. In most instance, clients want to utilize minimum money to accomplish more ends. It is a large challenge for designers. It means that designers may merely scarify the quality to salvage money sometimes. On the other manus, one time the cost is overspending, the whole procedure will be impacted. Even something worse happen. Take ( designed and built between 1946 and 1951 ) for illustration, the primary budget increased by 50 % from $ 40,000. It is due the fact that designer, Mies van der Rohe, merely used the best stuffs and workmanship for his ain demand, disregarding the influence of the rising prices attender to the Korean War. With the development of building, the relationship between Mies van der Rohe and Edith Farnsworth who was the client was broken bit by bit, although they likely had an matter. Finally Mies claimed Farnsworth owed him $ 28,173 and won the instance. ( Franz, Schulze, 1985:253-259 ) img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopc†¹-a†º?_2014-03-27_13-47-25.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.002.png"As the affair of negative fact that most of clients really do non cognize how much it will pass to fulfill with their purposes. So it asked for designers to set client’s brief to command cost in a sensible scope ( D. Jaggar, R. Morton, 1995:19 ) . To sum up, I agree with the thought of C.M.H.Barritt ( 1982:76 ) that although design squad normally feel non of really great because of sing cost restriction, they still need to cognize how much money can be allocated to the different constituents of the undertaking so that each portion can be design consequently. img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopc†¹-a†º?_2014-03-27_13-47-44.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.003.png"Time is another important factor which impact undertaking. Clients will give designers the clip restriction for finishing one edifice. Generally, a sensible clip restriction can be good to designers finishing the undertaking. But In most instances clients hope to understate clip. So in order to finish in clip, interior decorators may disregard some inside informations. Even worse if designer can non make the undertaking as agenda, the consequences could be atrocious. At first, the quality of undertaking will be influenced when the clip is excessively tight. Take Sochi Olympics for illustration, before opening some installations are non completed, people can happen some unfinished equipment such as urinals without pipe and excess shower hosiery. ( As right images ) img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochifront-of-building2FP.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.004.jpg"Second, as we all known, overspend ever come together with overtime. Clients may be face with the serious fiscal job that they need pay excess fees to back up the whole squad until the edifice is completed. For illustration, TheScottish Parliament Buildingunderwent 3 old ages hold and spirallingcostrose that approximately 10 times more expensive than original budget ( Cohen, David, 2005:98 ) , and img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochidownload.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.005.jpg"The Houses of Parliament suffered from a really serious overtime job that it was 26 old ages tardily 5 times longer than expected and more than twice the expected cost ( Cavendish, Richard, 2002:52 ) . Furthermore, in footings of some public edifices such as railroad station, infirmary and school etc. we must assure these undertakings are completed as agenda, we can non allow trains drive to building site ; pupils have lectures with steel and concrete ; patients relax with dust. So how to efficaciously salvage clip go pretty of import. In order to avoid overtime, interior decorators need to see these things as follows ; Prepare equal money, stuffs, equipment and labor. Manage teamwork efficaciously Contact relevant sections Merely in this manner can assist architect cut down the hazard of overtime and get the better of the challenge of clip restriction. In general, the impact of clip restriction is forcing designers to make design, if the push power is suited, it will positively excite designers do undertaking. However, if the push power is excessively strong, it may act upon the quality of buildings even lead to overtime and do more jobs. In footings of quality, edifice codification is one basic component. Building codification is one manner to prove the edifice quality. It establishes reasonably complete system to measure one undertaking. The demands that include thermic mass, waterproofing, fire protection etc. will keep designers. It means that the undertakings which can non run into the edifice codification will non be achieved. To some grade, edifice codification decides undertakings can be done or non. However, although the undertaking satisfies with the edifice codification, it merely can be called â€Å"qualified† . Whereas, qualified is non means high quality. In order to better the quality, designers besides need to see the safety of stuffsimg alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochi1ronan_point1_ready.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.006.jpg"and engineering. Actually, the stuffs we choose must last for a long clip and endure a batch of wear and conditions ( K.W. Forges, 1981:31 ) . Take Ronan Point for illustration, gas detonation caused a partial prostration of the construction that leaded to four people dead and 17 injured. Finally research workers amazingly found that hapless craft at the critical connexions between the panels may be the existent ground doing this issue. Subsequently, the issues of prostration straight lead to most states have adopted structural unity or â€Å"robustness† commissariats ( Pearson, C. ; Delatte, 2005:172-177 ) . In order to ne’er let the historical calamity to go on once more, people ought to pay more attending to bettering engineerings and stuffs. In fact, with the development of engineerings and stuffs, the quality of undertakings additions proportionally . It is known to all, after the industry revolution a batch of new engineerings and stuffs were invented. The dream of skyscraper was come true. Compared with traditional edifices, the new manner building improves constructing quality quickly. These are the consequences of development of engineerings and stuffs. In my sentiment, Architects must assure the quality of one undertaking because it is the most basic demand. Sing constructing codification, designers sometime have to give up some astonishing undertaking. However, with more new stuffs and engineerings are invented, designers can acquire more chances to accomplish their antic and brainsick design. These factors can non be separated, they interplay each other, if we change anyone, the balance will be broken and the undertaking will be changed. So it requires designers see these factors at the same clip. D. Jaggar, R. Morton ( 1995:19 ) pointed out â€Å"as the brief is considered and developed, some thought of cost has to be established quickly.† For case, when clients decrease cost, the undertaking may detain and the quality may travel off. If clients want to understate clip, the cost may increase and the quality may travel off excessively. Furthermore, all these alterations are unpredictable and the brand the undertaking out of control, eventually these may do all sorts of jobs. So it requires the undertaking has adequate ‘space’ to accommodate these sorts of alterations. To sum up, Clients are non merely the beginning of one undertaking but besides the terminal of one undertaking. As the cardinal stakeholder they reserve the right of concluding determination and the impact of clients’ demands penetrated every facet of design. Brief aid designers make certain the purpose and demands decide design way. Even though these demands may do challenges sometimes, they have more positive influence of undertaking compared with negative influence. What designers should make is esteem clients’ demands and utilize their thought to accomplish more valuable design. Mention Cohen, David. ( 2005 ) ‘appallingly expensive and old ages tardily, yet spliting with dreamlike bravura, the Scottish Parliament may finally be EMBT and RMJM ‘s climbing nightshade masterpiece’ ,Architectural record, 2005, 193 ( 2 ) : 98-111. Cavendish, Richard. ( 2002 ) ‘State Opening of the New Houses of Parliament’ ,History Today, Nov2002, 52 ( 11 ) , 62. Pearson, C. ; Delatte, N. ( 2005 ) ‘ Ronan Point flat tower prostration and its consequence on edifice codifications ’ ,Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, May 2005, 19 ( 2 ) :172-177. Morton, Ralph, Jaggar, David. ( 1995 )design and the economic sciences of edifice, London: spon. Franz, Schulze. ( 1985 )MIES VAN DER ROHE A Critical Biography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Barritt, C.M.H. ( 1982 )Architectural design and processs, London: Longmans. Forges, K.W. ( 1981 )rules of design in architecture, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Anderson, Jane ( 2011 )architectural design, Lausanne: AVA Academia. How to cite Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect, Essay examples

Food and Cultural History of Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about Food and Cultural History of Australia. Answer: Introduction Leg of the lamb in balsamic Vinegar is an authentic Australian dish liked by many. With number of renditions, the authentic dish has seen multiple changes. The changes made in the dishes down the ages have not ruined the authentic taste. The dish represents the age old traditional home cooking practice. With loads of flavour and a twist to the dish there has been a continuous change in its flavour. This dish actually represents the changes in the dish. This helps in formulating the dish with better flavours like balsamic vinegar (Newton, John. 2016). this has actually added a twist to the age old recipe these changes have helped the brand in gaining better taste with the similar flavours. This is important from the point of understanding the secret behind the flavours. This dish is served as an authentic dish at many places. However it has become more or less important to secure the age old recipe in order to carry forward the dishes. This has allowed in maintaining the authentic lam b flavour intact. This dish is an old dish that is been preserved by the generations (Bonner, Frances 2015). List of ingredients and history Lamb The word lamb is derived from German word- lambiz. 10,000 years ago people have already realized the importance of Lamb as a food. Since then, it is consumed as a food. Sheep (Ovis aries) have long been a staple dietary source in Asia, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Humankind has realized that Sheep is an important source of income. It is one of the most popular and productive source of income for the generation to come. It is been continuously used as a main source of productive crop, providing meat, wool for clothing, skins. There were numerous products that were produced in 21st century. The introduction of sheep in 1800s caused bloodshed and social division. This was considered as one of the main reason due to which meat was not able to take place in American plates. The federal government, in early 1990 has sanctioned genocide of certain varieties of sheep in order to develop sheep of better quality. The age old breed Cotswold, was introduced to England over 2000 years. The Cotswold was also the first purebred breed to be registered in the United States in 1878. This is one of the rarest breed that is consumed in USA. Moreover, Lamb has religious implication. They are been sacrificed in many different religions to all varieties of gods. Lamb is considered as one of the significant dish in Easter menu (Centre for advancement of Foodservice Education 2018). Olive oil The olive is considered to be a part of the Asia Minor and was spread from Iran, Syria and Palestine and rest of the Mediterranean Basin over 6000 years ago. This is known as one of the oldest grown tress in the world. Olive were grown as Crete by 3000 BC and considered as one of the important source of wealth. Olives were found in the Egyptian tombs from 2000 years BC. Through this the Olive culture has spread over across the world. I has helped in securing the flavors in different dishes. Balsamic vinegar The balsamic vinegar is made of reducing the grape must and is aged for several years. The grape must is blended in the vinegar. The balsamic vinegar contains no balsam and is dark in color. The taste of balsamic vinegar is very dark and concentrated. Dried rosemary Rosemary (herbal name Rosmarinus officinalis), otherwise called Garden Rosemary, is local to the Mediterranean zone. An individual from the mint family, it is an evergreen bush additionally identified with basil, marjoram, and oregano. It is typically discovered developing by the sea, and its Latin name likens to "dew of the sea."Some rosemary plants grow up to 6 feet tall or all the more, however standard assortments are more often than not around 3 feet and bushy. The little, dark green leaves seem to be like little pine needles and have a clashing, lemony, marginally piney season. Little blooms run from white to light blue to dim blue, generally blossoming in late spring. Usage of rosemary goes back to 500 B.C. when it was utilized as a culinary and restorative herb by the antiquated Greeks and Romans. It is as yet a prominent therapeutic herb today. Most economically utilized, dried rosemary comes to us from Spain, France, and Morocco. In any case, it is anything but difficult to become your own in calm climates. In 1987, scientists at Rutgers College in New Jersey protected a nourishment additive got from rosemary. The concoction called rosmaridiphenol is an extremely stable cancer prevention agent helpful in beautifying agents and plastic nourishment packaging. Rosemary is without a doubt a flexible, sweet-smelling. It is utilized as a part of a wide assortment of dishes, including organic product plates of mixed greens,, meats (particularly sheep), , eggs, stuffings, , and even .It is likewise used to fragrance beautifying agents and scents, in creepy crawly repellants, and has restorative employments. You will discover rosemary a delightful herb in both appetizing and sweet formulas(Jones, Roy 2017). Salt Salt is one of the important compaonent in the world history. The salt is used as a piece of Egyptian offering and exchanged on the profitable basis. It has been used for centuries as an important component in society. Indeed today, Salt is known as an important component from the point of view of history. For generation, salt is considered as lawfully confined and is exchanged for money. It is earlier been used as an important part In order to manage the value of salt. It has put forward an effective impression on the society through variety of flavors. Garlic Garlic has been adored as an offering worthy of the highest possible praise and loathed as a substance appropriate just to be nourished(Laudan, Rachel 2015). For more than 5,000 years garlic has been utilized as nourishment, medication, a love potion, cash, and enchantment mixtures. Garlic averted the stink eye, was hung over ways to shield medieval inhabitants from detestable, gave quality and bravery to Greek competitors and warriors, shielded ladies and pregnant women from fiendish fairies, and was rubbed on entryway casings to keep out homicidal vampires. Garlic clove pendants stuck around the neck shielded you from the sharp horns of a bull, averted neighborhood witches, kept away the dark torment, and even kept others from passing you (or your steed) in a race(Grey Duck Garlic 2018). Pepper Preparation methods and Utensils In a little bowl, consolidate the salt, pepper, rosemary, garlic, lemon get-up-and-go and olive oil and mix until mixed(Donna Hay. 2018). Coat the sheep uniformly with the rosemary blend, wrap firmly with plastic wrap, and refrigerate for no less than 2 hours or up to overnight. Position a rack in the lower third of a stove and preheat to 450F. Give the sheep a chance to remain at room temperature for 45 minutes to 60 minutes. Set the sheep on a rack in a simmering container and dish for 15 minutes. Utilizing substantial tongs, turn the sheep over, add the water to the container and dish for 15 minutes more. Lessen the broiler temperature to 350F. Keep cooking, turning the sheep like clockwork, until the point when a moment read thermometer embedded into the focal point of the meat registers 125 to 130F for extremely uncommon to medium-uncommon, around 1 hour more, or until done to your enjoying. Exchange the sheep to a cutting board, cover freely with aluminium thwart and let rest f or 10 minutes before cutting(Roast Leg of Lamb with Balsamic Onion 2018). Then, pour any juices from the container into a bowl. Skim off the fat, saving 2 Tbs., and set the container over medium-high warmth. Include the saved fat and the shallots and cook, mixing to rub up any caramelized bits from the container base, until the point that the shallots are delicate, 2 to 3 minutes. Include the vinegar and cook, mixing, until the point when it is about vanished, 1 to 2 minutes more. Include the stock, heat to the point of boiling and cook, mixing, until the point that the fluid is decreased considerably, 3 to 4 minutes more. Exchange the sauce to a warmed sauceboat. Cut the sheep into thin cuts and exchange to a warmed platter. Pass the sauce nearby. Cooking process and technology The cooking process requires slow cooking whereas it is possible for the meat to be cooked properly. This will definitely allow in the cooking process that will fairly ensure allow in generating better results(Atkins, Peter, and Ian Bowler 2016). The overall cooking process is therefore illustrious and allow in managing flavours in the overall cooking process. This will allow in maintaining a balance of flavour. The dish has undergone majority of changes down the lane. For this purpose, it has entirely gained effective place in most of the menu in not only Australian restaurants but also in other nation(Pathare, Pankaj B., and Anthony Paul Roskilly 2016). It is of great importance from the point of view of gaining advantageous position in the world cuisine. This dish is served as an authentic dish at many places. However it has become more or less important to secure the age old recipe in order to carry forward the dishes. With time, this dish has eventually undergone changes while a ffecting the different flavours across the world. The changes in the dish has allowed in making anticipated changes in the overall cooking process. With time, it is expected that there will be changes in the cooking process and technology. This will entirely ensure in matching up with the expectations of the customers across the world. The changing cooking process used while making the dish has wider implication(Genius Kitchen 2018). The oven based cooking is used as a slow process that will allow in maintaining the perfect balance of the dish. In this way, it is possible to keep the flavours more intact and better. It is therefore important from the point of gaining effective process and generating a better bond. For this purpose it is important to manage the historic relevance of the dish. It is more or less important for gaining effective flavours and generating better results. For this reason it is important for maintaining the flavours intact in order to get the best. It is imp ortant from the point of view of gaining better results that will allow in initiating the best so called dish. Cultural Relevance of the dish For the antiquated Greeks, sheep held an exceptional noteworthiness. Creature penances were regular practice in established circumstances, and the principal bit of sheep from the fire was offered to mollify the divine beings, who, Greeks accepted, enjoyed the possess an aroma similar to sizzling meat. It was dependably a youthful and first-conceived sheep to be offered, that with the most fragile flavour and decision delicate meat. To begin with the men wrapped bits of sheep in "two layers of fat," put them on a wood fire and poured wine over them. While sitting tight for the meat to cook, the men held "five pronged spits" in their grasp. Furthermore, one of the best legendary saints, Jason the Argonaut, must bring back the wool from a brilliant sheep that has been relinquished by his predecessor keeping in mind the end goal to recover his position of authority(BALSAMIC VINEGAR-GLAZED LEG OF LAMB 2018). The planning of Easter corresponds with agnostic springtime celebrations, and sheep has progressed toward becoming related with resurrection and a crisp new season. Sheep shapes the centrepiece of Easter festivals in numerous Mediterranean nations. This paschal sheep brings out the sheep served at Passover. In the Emilia Roman area of Italy, she is as yet celebrated with a cream-filled cake formed like a sheep. (Truth be told, sheep molded breads and cakes are regular at Easter in Italy, Sicily, northern France and different parts of Europe.)h sheep images, from the scriptural references to Jesus Christ as "the sheep of God" and "shepherd to his run" to the delineation of sheep in clerical works of art and figures. Sheep brightens altarpieces, recolored glass windows and carvings in Christian houses of worship around the world(Kurnia, Sherah, Serenity Hill, Md Mahbubur Rahim, Kirsten Larsen, and Patrice Braun 2016). Conclusion To conclude, the authentic taste is more or less has gained a significant place in the menu. The changes in the menu have gained in arranging effective place in menu. The report will put forward the history of the dish. It wills describes the basic of this dish and provide readers with information about the dish. This not only allow in matching up with the individual in order to attain exquisite flavours. It is important from the point of attaining effective place in the menu. This has possibly allowed in making effective changes that will ensure the exquisite taste of the dish. This will allow people in understanding the flavours and will allow in understanding the flavours. The dish has long-lasting impression in the mind of people. References. BALSAMIC VINEGAR-GLAZED LEG OF LAMB. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.ricardocuisine.com/en/recipes/3986-balsamic-vinegar-glazed-leg-of-lamb Roast Leg of Lamb with Balsamic Onions. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.myrecipes.com/recipe/roast-leg-of-lamb-with-balsamic-onions Atkins, Peter, and Ian Bowler.Food in society: economy, culture, geography. Routledge, 2016. Bonner, Frances. "The Mediated Asian-Australian Food Identity: From Charmaine Solomon to MasterChef Australia."Media International Australia157, no. 1 (2015): 103-113. center for advancement of Foodservice Education. The Flavorful Culture of Lamb. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.cafemeetingplace.com/features/item/761-the-flavorful-culture-of-lamb Donna Hay. Lifestyle Food. Slow-Cooked Balsamic and Garlic Lamb. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.lifestylefood.com.au/recipes/15172/slowcooked-balsamic-and-garlic-lamb Genius Kitchen. LEG OF LAMB IN BALSAMIC VINEGAR. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.geniuskitchen.com/recipe/leg-of-lamb-in-balsamic-vinegar-445847 Grey Duck Garlic.Garlic and History. Accessed February 11,2018. https://greyduckgarlic.com/The_History_of_Garlic.html Jones, Roy.Geographies of Australian heritages: Loving a sunburnt country?. Routledge, 2017. Kurnia, Sherah, Serenity Hill, Md Mahbubur Rahim, Kirsten Larsen, and Patrice Braun. "Food Hubs in Australia: Benefits, Challenges and Potential IT Contributions." InPACIS, p. 123. 2015. Laudan, Rachel.Cuisine and empire: Cooking in world history. Vol. 43. Univ of California Press, 2015. Newton, John.The oldest foods on earth: a history of Australian native foods with recipes. NewSouth, 2016. Pathare, Pankaj B., and Anthony Paul Roskilly. "Quality and energy evaluation in meat cooking."Food Engineering Reviews8, no. 4 (2016): 435-447. PEGGY TROWBRIDGE FILIPPONE. The Spurse. Rosemary History. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.thespruce.com/history-of-rosemary-1807655 Spanish Food. History of Olive and Olive Oil. Accessed February 11,2018. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-olive-and-olive-oil.html Wang, Wei C., and Anthony Worsley. "How often do we use cooking utensils? An exploratory study."Journal of culinary science technology12, no. 4 (2014): 326-338.

Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra Essay Example

Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra Paper Cleopatra has been described as both an enchanting Queen and triple-turned whore. Examine Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra and how a modern audience might respond to her. In Antony and Cleopatra, written around 1606, according to Wells and Taylor, it is apparent that it is characterised by informality and decadence and this may be a reflection of the times. Audiences might have wanted or expected such things and the dramatist merely complied with current tastes. Drama was the prime means of public entertainment during Shakespeares time. To go and watch a Shakespeare play was a form of escapism for his audiences. They escaped into another world and would be fascinated by the plays Shakespeare produced. Cleopatra was an especially fascinating character for the Jacobean audience because she was controversial, shocking and challenging. The Jacobean people were predominantly devout Catholics and Protestants, they wouldnt have practiced monogamy, adultery and more than one sexual partner would have been disgraceful. Women were by far the lesser sex; however this status was acknowledged, they may have seen it as customary and it was generally accepted by most women. The audiences would have been very shocked by the behaviour of Cleopatra although it was to be expected; she represented an opposite of how their women acted; she had a lot of control and her relationships with the several men she courted were all sexual. She had ultimate control over which men she chose to love and the fortunate gentleman she loved were under her command. A distressing part of Cleopatras character for them socially and morally; was that she was very erotically charged and had a lust for love. To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool, And what they undid did. This tells us that as her servants tried to cool her down only the opposite would happen, and her lust and passion kept heating her body more. This would have been fascinating and astonishing for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Cleopatra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the first three acts Shakespeare presents Cleopatras character to fulfil the expectations of the Jacobean sterotype for her. The first act of the play opens with Philos, one of Antonys Romans addressing Demetrius, he talks of Antonys love for Cleopatra as being nothing more than a pointless infatuation which is damaging Antonys former greatness. Making it obvious that the Romans disapprove of Cleopatra, this is emphasised when Antony and Cleopatra enter, and he tells Demetrius to take note of the triple pillar of the world transformed/into a strumpets fool. This gives the audience the immediate impression of the power Cleopatra has over Antony which is emphasised on several occasions throughout the play. Cleopatra is first shown to us in her court, provocative and teasing towards Antony, testing him already to see where his loyalties and affections lie: Wheres Fulvias process? Caesars would I say? Both. Call in the messengers. As I am Egypts Qqueen.. When the messenger enters with news for Antony, her manipulative persuasion leads Antony to dismiss him and leave with her. Anthony In the Jacobean era, Antony and Cleopatra must have been shocking. The thought that a woman could have that kind of control over a Triumvir, a man of explosive power and privilege, was outrageous. At the time the play was written, Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne. In normal circumstances, this would have been seen as an outrageous act- giving a woman such power. However Elizabeth behaved much like her male counterparts, fighting in war and leading a life of celibacy. Cleopatra did not behave like a queen. She used her power to play games, she flaunted her wealth and laughed at those who scorned her. She was not proper and not right. But I feel it was also probably very satisfying to see. For once a woman was not only an equal but a superior and she manipulated a man to get her way. Antony and Cleopatra was successful because it was entertaining, because it was new and foreign. People didnt have to accept it because it was art, it was okay to enjoy this without worrying about how factual it was. Also this was a different culture. Cleopatra could be passed off as a foreigner without self control. She was not a threat because she was an Egyptian and did not endanger the English way of life. Actors on the Shakespearean stage were often youths. Boys with high-pitched voices were trained from early years to take womens parts, they were capable of playing the mature women since females were not allowed on Elizabethan stage, most difficult for a boy to play a mature, but still sexy woman such a Cleopatra. This technique was adopted for characters in Hamlet and Macbeth.

Disorders and Case Study

Disorders and Case Study The brain receives and responds to all stimuli of the body. Any alteration to the brain causes unusual stimuli receptions and responses. Because of that, the eating, personality, and sexual identity disorders are caused by the brain disturbances leading to abnormal communications between the brain and the respective body receptors. This paper will examine the details of the above mentioned disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disorders and Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder (SGID) Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders (SGID) are disorders exhibited by individuals when they persistently and strongly desire to be the opposite sexes. SGID can be classified into two categories. 1. Children SGIDs. 2. Adult and adolescent SGIDs. The Boys may claim that their reproductive organs are irritating. At times, they may not signify their male organs. In several occasions, they reje ct male toys. Such boys prefer female individuals to male colleagues (Sue, 2006). Girls with such disorders prefer urinating while standing just as men do. They desire to possess male reproductive organs, and they dislike future growth and development of their breasts. Such girls prefer male clothing to female clothing. In adults and adolescents, the victims desire to be handled as their opposite sexes, and they have classical emotions and responses to their cross-genders. On top of that, the victims are usually concerned with changing their sex organs (Sue, 2006). The behavioral components can be attributed to individuals’ exposure to unusual sexual behaviors such watching pornography (Stone, 2011). Such behaviors can cause sexual abnormalities. For cognitive components, a person can be triggered sexually to an abnormal level, which would produce maladaptive processes to contain the detected abnormality. Therefore, the unsuitable behaviors affect the maladaptive thoughts, wh ich are needed to contain such behaviors. The concerned biological components include smoking, sicknesses, unbalanced diet, and old age (Stone, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, vulnerabilities in the endocrine system are the core causes of the SGIOs. In addition to that, unusual sexual behaviors are used as protective measures by the victims. This behavior is attributed to the poor parental care (Stone, 2011). Eating disorders Eating disorders are mental sicknesses that cause severe alterations in an individual’s daily meal. It may begin as eating exceptionally small or seriously large quantities of food. This condition may begin slowly and develop into severe levels. It can cause serious injuries in growth, fertility, mental and social health, and death. Eating disorders impact the body shape and size (Mandal, 2013). The cognitive components are concerned with overeating or starving (Stone, 2011). This is due to the perception that overeating may cause excessive weight. Some individuals with over-sized bodies may opt for starvation because they fear of gaining weight. Emotional components are incorporated in individuals whose responses and hopes are very high as initiated and supported by some people (Stone, 2011). Such individuals set high targets and experience the impacts of failure (Stone, 2011). The behavioral components include extreme starving, training, vomiting, and use of laxatives. The neural connection, genetic materials, and hormonal imbalance form the biological elements of this disorder. Brain disturbance may lead to endocrine and hormonal imbalance, which would stimulate overeating or starvation (Stone, 2011). Personality disorders Personality disorders are concerned with the convincing ways individuals think and act (Cherry, 2013). It can also mean the model of behavior that makes people different. Personal ity traits are made up of characteristic behaviors and thoughts. When this reasoning and characteristic behaviors become rigid and extreme, they form personality disorders. Personality disorders are caused by the environmental and genetic impacts (Cherry, 2013). The personality components include disrupted brain make-up, minimized volume of white and grey matter, exposure of the prenatal matter, and unusual neurotransmitter (Stone, 2011). The emotional components result from childhood abuse, which makes a person to depend on maladaptive protection methods. Therefore, child disapproval and mockery are the primary causes of this disorder. The cognitive elements indicate that childhood encounters create particular forms of thoughts, which result in this disorder.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disorders and Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The behavioral elements show that personality disorders command unpr oductive beliefs to individuals. These beliefs are unachievable because the victim sets high targets than he, or she can manage. This abnormality is created in childhood by the thought methods and /or maladaptive behaviors. This disorder continues regardless whether or not the victim is maladaptive Stone, 2011). The Classification of all these disorders is based on the DSM-IV codes for easy identification. Joe’s Story-Eating disorder Biological components Joe’s eating disorder originated from hormonal imbalance, genetic inheritance, and unusual neural connectivity. Since he suffered from anorexia, he must have had a low level of serotonin and unusual brain make-up. Joe might have experienced brain disturbances at birth, which triggered variations in endocrine and metabolic reactions to call for starvation (World –press, 2013). Emotional components The sickness hindered Joe from attaining his playing target. This triggered an anxiety and distress, which consequen tly triggered for an abnormal eating habit. Also, he was taking cover in eating after being abused by his friends in school (World –press, 2013). Behavioral components Joe did extreme exercises to avoid weight gain. Cognitive component Joe thought that overeating would make him more masculine and good-looking. Conclusion Because of the diagnostic complexities, it is difficult to establish abnormalities. Despite that, biological and psychodynamic aspects are making it easy to define abnormalities by providing reliable evidences. The cause of sexual, personality, and eating disorders include child abuse, physical abnormalities, and genetic inheritance. These abnormalities cause a great deal of human inadequacies.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Cherry,K.(2013).Overview of personality disorder. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydisorders/a/personalitydis.htm Mandal,A(2013).What is eating disorder? Retrieved from news-medical.net/health/What-is-an-Eating-Disorder.aspx Stone,D.(2011).Psychological Musings. Retrieved from http://psychologicalmusings.blogspot.com/2011_05_01_archive.html Sue, D. (2006). Understanding abnormal behavior. Retrieved from http://college.cengage.com/psychology/sue/abnormal/8e/instructors/sue_irm.pdf World -press. (2013).case study: Joe’s story.Retrieved from boyanorexia.com/case-study-joes-story

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Example One of the major factors that contribute significantly to global warming is the burning of fossil fuel, which has amplified the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to their highest for the last 20 million years. This paper, however, will focus more on another factor that also play a crucial role in global warming, which is deforestation (Maslin, 2007; Humphreys, 1996). Global warming can be hastened by a variety of factors, one of which is deforestation. Deforestation is the result of human activity such as illegal logging which is damaging to the ecosystem. The effects of deforestation as stressed by Humphreys (1996) range from the global to the local level. One of the most essential implications of deforestation is its impact on the dilapidation of the atmosphere (Humphreys, 1996). Deforestation plays a crucial role in global warming, which transpires from elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting to net escalations in the global mean temperature (Humphreys, 1996). Radiative forcing is the atmospheric process by which greenhouse gases amplifies temperature increases according to Humphreys (1996). To gain insight on how deforestation partake a role in global warming, it is beneficial to explore how this process really works. Greenhouse gases are composed mainly of four gases namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons (Humphreys, 1996). The effects of global warming are deemed to be hazardous to the planet Earth. It was predicted that intense global warming will cause alterations in global trends of agricultural productivity, augment melting of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps, thermal spreading out of the oceans and a net proliferation in sea levels which would endanger coastlines worldwide (Humphreys, 1996). Humphreys highlighted that not only does deforestation play a part in global warming but as a result, global warming would remarkably be perilous to nature, the warming of the oceans

Virus paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virus paper - Essay Example The smallest are barely larger than ribosomes or other internal structures found inside normal cells; the largest (e.g., variola) are almost the size of small bacteria. Some viruses can be detected under a sophisticated light microscope, but for most only an electron microscope will serve. For generations, therefore, even the best scientists were essentially guessing about the structure, nature, and functioning of viruses, entities they could observe only indirectly (Bookchin and Schumacher 68). The first actual sighting of a variola virus-the first virus of any sort so visualized-came in 1947, under an electron microscope. The smallpox virus capsid is often described as ellipsoid or brick shaped. Many viruses, including variola, are often enveloped, with the capsid housed inside an outer membrane made of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which provides, in the case of variola, an overall spherical appearance (Imperato 390). The infection process begins when a virus approaches a t arget cell; forcible entry into the cell may then be accomplished in several different ways. Some antibacterial viruses mechanically drill a hole in the cell's outer structure and inject the viral DNA through it, much like the operation of a hypodermic syringe, with the now empty capsid remaining outside. Viruses that afflict plants often enter passively through a microtear in the cell wall (Imperato 390). The defenses that the human body-and modern medicine-erect against many other types of infections are often less effective against viruses. But viruses pose exceptional challenges to the immune system. Some of these aggressors undergo very frequent mutation, altering the external configuration of those glycoproteins, and thereby fooling or evading the antibodies (Strohman 169). Dear Granny the main problem is that scientists have not yet come to conclusion concerning a question whether viruses are alive or dead. On the one hand, a virus is nature's ultimate parasite: it is incapable, by itself, of undertaking the usual array of biological functions. It cannot produce or consume energy, move, grow, or reproduce without first invading a living cell and usurping the host's internal mechanisms. For this reason, many scientists do not consider variola or any other virus to be truly alive, even in the sense that other simple microorganisms, from bacteria to rickettsia (another family of infectious microorganisms) are considered so (Strohman 169). Other authorities would, perhaps more generously, consider viruses to be minimal "living organisms". At the same time, there is surely something about a virus that makes it different from a conglomeration of inert chemicals. It has at least a kind of life potential, a dormant biological presence, that is undeniable. The recent discovery of categories of even smaller, and even less lifelike, infective entities has further obscured the question of deriving a meaningful definition of life (Strohman 169). Prions, proteinlike particles devoid of any nucleic acid, have been implicated in a variety of degenerative brain diseases, such as scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, although their precise operational mechanisms are still unknown. Viroids are a cluster of similar plant-invading creatures, containing a snippet of RNAbut none of the other

Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Change - Essay Example Following this logic, I believe that the cases of illegal aliens committing criminal acts are exceptions beyond generalizations. Also if we take the statistics of total criminal acts that occurred in the same period of time, I am sure there will be an equal number of crimes committed by people of our own country as compared to people from outside. Because, every society, through its imperfections, generate a few criminals who can never be categorized based on where they were born. To prove my point, I searched the race-wise statistics of crimes in USA on internet and found that the crime ratio tilts towards non-whites. But this data refer to arrests that were made. We should not forget that there can be racial bias involved in these arrests. I have read in newspapers that several studies demonstrating this factor have come out in the recent years. My experience with immigrant friends tells me that people cannot be good or bad based on their place of birth. Even our forefathers were aliens to this land. Writers who look at this issue from a sociological perspective have opined that immigration is a more complex phenomenon than meets our primary inferences (Henslin 391). The attitude that the sanctuary cities have to retract this benevolent space given to illegal immigrants is against the spirit of global humanity and will amount to what scholars like Henslin have called as â€Å"a reactive social movement† (p.415). â€Å"Authoritarian personalities and frustration displaced towards scapegoats† is the right description to define the now-prevalent branding of all illegal immigrants as criminals (p. 416). I think the Mayor of Newark NJ is perfectly justified in saying that the immigration status of the suspected killers has nothing to do with the

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency?

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency? The monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian Countries from July 1996 affected the development of the Indonesian economy. Apparently, the Indonesian economy was not able to face the global crisis engulfing the world. Indonesias economic crisis began with the weakening of the rupiah against the US dollar. On August 1st, 1997, the rupiah fell from 2,575 to 2,603 per dollar. In December 1997, the value of the rupiah against the US dollar fell to 5,000 per dollar. Soon, in March 1998, the rupiah continued to weaken and reached the lowest point, 16,000 per dollar. Adam (2000) argues that it seems Indonesias economic crisis could not be separated from a variety of conditions, namely (1) Indonesia foreign debt was very large. Although, the debt is not fully national debt, which means some parts are private debt, but it had a great effect on worsening the economic crisis . (2) Industrialization; the New Order government wanted to make Indonesia an industrialized country. The desire was not i n accordance with real conditions of Indonesian society, which was predominantly agrarian with a very low level of education. (3) The centralized administration of the New Order government meant that all policies were determined from Jakarta. Therefore, the crucial role of local governments only served as an extension of the central government. However, by the year of 2009 Indonesian economic development had become more stable than before. In fact, when most countries in the world experiencing negative economic growth, Indonesias GDP growth rate reached 4.5 percent (Indonesian Central Statistic Agency, 2010). This put Indonesia as one of the three best performing countries in economic terms the following year, in addition to China and India. Based on second Quarterly Indonesian Economic Growth Report in 2010, Indonesias high economic growth, supported by increased of exports, investment recovery, and maintained the level of public consumption (Indonesia Central Statistic Agency, 2010). Based on the largest Indonesian online newspaper Kompas.com, in August 2010, due to economic growth and stability, the Central Bank of Indonesia planned to perform a redenomination of rupiah . Redenomination could be conducted in a situation in which macro-economic conditions, economic growth and inflation were stable and under control. Redenomination, in this case, means reducing digits (zeros) without reducing the value of those currencies. For example, the 1,000-rupiah bill would become 1 new rupiah in order to simplify the denomination (floating) currency into smaller fragments. With this simplification simultaneously carried out also on the prices of goods, this process would not change peoples purchasing power (Ioana, 2005). Based on E. Borensztein and J.D. Gregorio (1999) research paper I can explained that in redenomination, the value of money for goods has not changed; only the way of writing the reference and floating currencies are changed and adjusted. This is different from devaluation, where the value of money for goods became smaller, because it cuts the value of the goods . Devaluation done in the event of very high inflation and macroeconomic conditions are not healthy. Some examples of redenomination: for one liter of petrol price currently at Rp. 4,500 per liter, if redenomination cut up to three digits (three zeros), then that must be paid about (new) Rp. 4.5 for 1 liter of petrol due to the price of one liter of petrol is also expressed the same in fractional units. While sanering, if there is sanering per thousand rupiah, then by Rp. 4.5 can only purchase 1/1000 or 0.001 liters of gasoline . The principal aim of currency redenomination is to simplify fractions and to make it more efficient and comfortable in transactions (Oluba, 2008). Besides that, currency redenomination could make economic disparity within regional countries looks more equal and could overcome criticisms like that from Fox News (2008) , which claimed that Indonesias currency was among the worlds worst ten. Therefore, this paper will argue that Indonesia should redenominate its currency because of its positive impact on society and its economic influences within the region. Economic Impact of Redenomination Redenomination might have a direct impact on the Indonesian economy. Mas (1995, p. 487) shows that during the transition period, redenomination is a very expensive and time consuming practice. Mas goes on to say that, at first, redenomination increases transaction time. However, despite the claims of like Mas who argue that, during the transition period, redenomination increases transaction time, Ahmad Bello (2007, p. 10) points out that in the accounting field, management will spent less time in evaluating and digitalizing financial data. Furthermore, while indeed it is possible that redenomination may cause changing prices in labels,menusand catalogs,, technical and operational problems arising from the use of figures with multiple zeros could soon be settled. This could help in developing the custom of using coins. Third, it is undeniable that changing the currency denomination may also necessitate change the balance sheets and accounting records. On the other hand, by using minim um number of zeros it would possibly be advantageous for businesses, as it would make things easier in terms of financial data input and reporting financial information and also business transaction process ( Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 11). However, Mas (1995, p. 487) mentions that currency redenomination has no direct impact on the economy or has little economic significance. The reason for this is that, as long as the value of the currency remains absolutely constant, and the ability to buy remains the same, the demand and supply services will not change means that there is no impact on macro and micro economic aspect; net investment, government spending, balance of payments and net exports will only suffer very little impact; and on household consumption level, the dissimilarity between pre and post redenomination currency will not be clearly seen as there is only minor psychological problems in related with customs. (Mosley, 2002; Zabuliene, 2005; Ncube, 2007; Lead Capital Limited, 2007) Psychological Effect on Redenomination Psychological worries may occur to Indonesian people that the currency may go back to multiple zeros after redenomination due to inflation. This is suggested by evidence that lower income levels psychologically suffer most of the effects of redenomination (Simge Tarhan, 2006). Evidence for this is that redenomination may generates artificial inflation in low price goods which the poor often buys. (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 14) . For example, in Nigeria, a N163 commodity in the present Naira becoming N1.63 may suddenly be charged at new N2 if the coins which would need to be used for the new transactions are not well-accepted, as it appears to be the case with the coins currently in circulation. However, Ahmad Bello (2007, p.6) believes that the psychological effect, which creates a sense of identity, is the most common reasons for a country engaging in currency redenomination. Similarly, Cohen (2004) posits that a national currency not only facilitates economic transactions but affects c itizens identity and subsequently the legitimacy of the national government . Lost of Value after Redenomination Layna Mosley (2005, p. 10) mentioned that there were concerns about people starting to view their currencies as diminished in value, both economically and symbolically. Data to support this is that, Aluko (2007) provides list of many African and non-African countries whose citizens almost lost confidence in their currencies. According to him, as at July 2007, a US dollar ($1) exchanges 9270 cedi in Ghana, 9426 rupiah in Indonesia, 9861 franc/ariari in Madagascar, 10184 kip in Lao and 15921 dong in Vietnam. However, it has been argued that most common objective of redenomination is to ensure credibility (Layna Mosley, 2005, p. 6). Furthermore, certain governments adopt redenomination strategies in order to improve their monetary sovereignty and control tendency for currency substitution. On the grounds that, transition to single-digit inflation could restore the credibility of currency. In fact, research shows that enhanced credibility can improve government electoral fortunes, as cit izens reward economic growth and macroeconomic discipline (Armijo, 1996; Stokes, 2002 in Mosley, 2005); and it can improve a governments treatment as a borrower, as a location for private investment, and as a defender of an exchange rate in the eyes of global capital markets (Leblang, 2002; Jensen, 2005). Redenomination As A Solution Strategy Mosley (2005, p.1) argues that a few countries with high inflation level do not consider currency redenomination as a strategy. Indeed, some countries are very cautious about redenomination (Ishiekwene, 2007). For example, since the beginning year of 1997, South Koreas won has fallen to 932 to a dollar , Hungarys forint is 216, and Japans yen is 117, yet these countries put aside redenomination as their solution (Araki, 2001; Mosley, 2005). If there is going to be high inflation in the future, this redenomination program will only be an extra cost to the economy. However, currency redenomination is usually done when countries are experiencing hyper-inflationary pressures which have the effect of making its local currency unattractive (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 1). Simge Tarhan (2006) provides a clear case of hyper-inflation in Turkey where a bottle of drinking water cost 300,000 TL, a movie ticket 7,500,000 TL, Toyota Corolla: 32,900,000,000 TL (32 billion), and GDP in 2002: 273,463,167, 795,000,000 TL (273 quadrillion) before the old Lira was redenominated by removing six zeros. Aluko (2007) cites the example of Zimbabwe that experienced years of inflation that hit 1200% a year. Determination in bringing inflation down to single digits permanently could be better comprehended. In some cases, if the timing was correct, redenomination could cap off high levels of inflation. Redenomination As A Solution Mechanism Ignacio Mas (1995) states that currency redenomination has been used as a solution mechanism throughout history. The reason for this is that redenomination often occurs after economic crises, as governments attempt to convince citizens and markets that hyperinflation is a thing of the past (Mosley, 2005, p. 1). According to Ishiekwene (2007), historical evidence suggests that redenomination had been very successful in an environment of macroeconomic stability, declining inflation, stable exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence and rational expectations of policy credibility. Conclusion Overall, I would recommend that Indonesia should redenominate its currency, since redenomination generates little impact on both macro and micro economic. In addition, redenomination affects rupiah appearance looks more attractive which increases citizens pride and confidence for their national identity, whereas, it could also influences the legitimacy of the national government. Furthermore, based on historical evidence, redenomination is very common strategy in the past to overcome hyperinflation and also to increase the credibility of currency in a stable macro and micro economic, declining inflation, exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence conditions. When the timing is perfect, redenomination could cap off low level value currency to reach its dignity. Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia. Orwell does this by emotionally enlightening the audience of Winstons day to day life of love, pain, hurt and accomplishment. Winston and Julia share a secret relationship that eventually contributes to Winstons tragic fate of ultimately being alone and loving Big Brother. Whilst Winston was being tortured in The Ministry Of Love he painfully overcame his hate towards Big Brother and was brainwashed into loving Big Brother like the rest of the citizens of Airstrip one. This, therefore, means nobody can disapprove Big Brothers horrific behaviour laws. However there are other factors that contribute to his downfall. Winston tries on many different occasions to reclaim past memories; this involves keeping an illegal diary, which is later used against him in room 101. The strict rules and regulations that govern the citizens lives enforced by Big Brother contributed to Winstons fate. Without such str ict rules Winston and Julias relationship would not have been forbidden and there would be no need for them to sneak around, and eventually be caught and punished. Winston also rents a room in the parole area of town with Julia, which they believe is a safe and private place, but blatantly find out they arent in solitude, their every move was being documented. With the strict regulations prohibiting relationships both Julia and Winston find themselves thrown into the Ministry of Love where Winston is tortured and goes insane. These actions are factors that lead to Winstons fate, however it is ultimately his relationship with Julia that is responsible for his tragic fate. Winstons relationship with Julia can be seen as the ultimate reason for his fate. Although the strict rules enforced frustrated Winston, he didnt learn to adapt well to the rules, therefore his uncontrollable actions of continuing to see Julia ultimately lead to his tragic fate. Winston and Julia build up a very trustworthy secret relationship, after she gives him a note that reads I love you, which they both new was extremely illegal. Whilst their affair was blooming Winstons ulcer stopped being inflamed and his health improved dramatically, opposite to when he was in the Ministry Of Love. This shows that when he was taken away from his lover his tragic fate started to form. They continued seeing each other for a long period of time and proceeded in renting a room to have private sexual intercourse. Julia and Winstons relationship is very organized and secret. Winstons relationship with Julia is one of the main reasons that lead to Winstons fate. If Winston had never broken the rules and met or read Julias note it is arguable that he could still hate and not respect Big Brother. Instead after coming out of being tortured in room 101 his views and beliefs change dramatically about Big Brother, he believes that Big Brother is god and is mesmerized to believe whatever Big Brother implies is correct. Winston and Julia rent a room in the parole area of town. They believe it is a very private room because it has no visible telescreens, however they were wrong. They got caught and where punished and separated in The Ministry of Love whilst being tortured. This lead to Winstons fate in room 101 where OBrien horrifically tortured him with his very own words from his diary. As a result of pursuing a relationship with Julia, he was being forced to love and respect Big Brother and his choices, his feelings for Julia decreased. OBrien used Winstons dia ry entries against him along with torturing Winston with Rats, this lead Winston to choose life over Julia there was just one person to whom he could transfer his punishment. One body who he could thrust between himself and the rats. He was shouting frantically over and over. Do it to Julia. Do it to Julia, not to me. I dont care what you do to her. Rip her face off. Strip her to the bone. Not to me Julia not me! This positions the readers to feel sorry for Winston and shows the readers that enough torturing and your beliefs and relationships quickly change and crumble drastically. Furthermore whilst Winston was in the Ministry of Love he became very weak and physically ill, he got extremely sick and could hardly move and didnt eat. Winston is obsessed with reclaiming past memories. This obsession contributed to Winstons fate because of his blatant disregard for the rules, as it is illegal to reclaim past memoires. He cannot accept that the past is gone and is being changed right in front of him. Winston buys a diary from Mr. Charingtons shop. The diary helps him remember his day to day activates and own individual history and language, however he address each diary entire to OBrien, because he feels they are friends and he can trust him. OBrien later uses Winstons diary against him in the Ministry Of Love. Not only did Winston lose his relationship with Julia he also lost his relationship with OBrien, as he betrayed Winston. OBrien reads and re -reads phrases Winston had written in his diary using them against him, forcing happy memoires never to be remembered again His soul, white as snow. OBrien also strategically tortures Winston with rats, because Winston had mentioned in his diary that his greatest fear of all was rats. Which lead to Winston losing his mind and lead to his disastrous fate. The diary allowed OBrien to know what would really hurt Winston and therefore increased the intensity of his torture, and contributed to his mental and physical state. However these rules were reality and Winstons stubbornness of not accepting them and having a relationship with Julia led to his fate. Overall George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia and demonstrates that not only does Julia and Winstons secret relationship contribute to his tragic fate, but in some way Winston brought it upon himself by refusing to let go of past memories and refusing to accept the strict rules which govern his life. Winstons actions as a result of this refusal such as buying the dairy and renting the room lead to his demise. After he was caught having a secret relationship and his diary was used against him as a form of personal torture. However ultimately it is this secret relationship shared with Julia that is responsible for his fate of going insane and becoming mentally sick but most of all He had won the victory over himself. He loved big brother. Winston fate ended up being mesmerised by Big Brother just like everybody else in Airstrip one all because of Julia.

The Failure of Journalism during the Civil War in El Salvador Essay

The Failure of Journalism during the Civil War in El Salvador The Civil War in El Salvador was an event that most individuals misunderstood. A twelve year conflict and a power struggle that claimed to keep communism out of El Salvador killed 75,000 people and the whole story still remains untold. The Civil War in El Salvador was a conflict that roughly started in 1980 and ended with the peace accords in 1992. These dates are rough because there were many conflicts before 1980 and even after the peace accords were signed in 1992 the â€Å"death squads [1] † were still active every now and again. With respect to United States involvement, the reason the United States was initially involved was to block communist rule from spreading to another country. In hope of preventing this â€Å"communist spread†, the U.S. trained and equipped the Salvadoran military to be very powerful and very dangerous. The reason the U.S. felt the military would stop communism is because leftist groups had begun to organize themselves around the gueri llas. Due to this separation of power in the war torn country, anyone who supported or even acknowledged the guerillas and the leftist side was given the harshest and most severe punishment, often death. Because of these harsh and hostile conditions the real story of the leftist side was often skewed. As the government in power began to oppress the people, leftist groups formed in opposition to the militant government oppression. When enough leftists had come together they formed what was known as the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (F.M.L.N.), which got a bad reputation from the beginning for having Marxist ideals (Stanley 2), hence the United States involvement to keep communism out of Central ... ... truth. [1] The term â€Å"death squad† is a term used for effect. The word itself leads to biases because of the very nature that the term implies. Terminology like this was just one instance that made reports biased. [2] This ignorance was an ignorance of the culture as well as the specific details of the war. It is not a requirement that reporters be proficient in the language of the country they are reporting in and so the vagueness of many reports can be somewhat attributed to this scenario. [3] Its seem interesting to note that the U.N. truth commission itself seemed to distinguish murders committed by the army and murders committed by the death squads when it is quite clear that the death squads were operating under close control of the army. [4] Ethnocentricity defined by dictionary.com is the â€Å"belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.†

Guns germs and steel Essay

Jared diamond and his theory on how and the Europeans were so successful in their conquest of the incans. This was made possible due to the location of Europe. With the inventions of guns, and steel, along with being exposed to many germs before the incans. This gave the conquestidors many advantages over the inca. Once the Spanish conquered the Incas they had weapons that were unseen and unheard of to the indigenous. This was terrifying to the Inca community because they were unaware of the damage these weapons could cause and the power the Spanish had. The Spanish had been at war with the Mores for approximately 700 years. This gave them experience in fighting and also allowed them to construct the weaponry necessary for war. The Islamic were known to be the first to invent the the gun, but the Chinese invented the gunpowder. These separately were not useful, as the Chinese did not use gunpowder as a weapon. This was when the Spanish decided to combine the two and create what was k nown as the Harquebus. It was superior to any other gun known at the time. The Spanish had plenty of experience when they arrived to invade the Incas, was was not new to them. This gave them a possible advantage in weapons and fighting tactics. Since the Spanish had been at war for so long, they found the need to create more weapons, at which time the sword was invented. This was capable stabbing and slashing with great facility. The process of attempting to find the perfect sword took several hundreds of years. It was known as a family business, in which each person’s desire was to create a better sword than those by their ancestors. It was discovered that Iron infused with carbon was the perfect combination to creating a proper sword. The more carbon the harder the sword, but there must be a precise combination of sufficient flexibility and strength to the sword. The Rapier was seen to be that perfect sword, it was long sharp and strong. It not only became popular for war but also amongst gentlemen, this was the time at which it became common to wear your sword towards the side of your waist. These people were known to have descendants that were knights during the medieval times. There was a long process in Europe in attempting to create that perfect fighting weapon  which allowed to kill many in a short amount of time. Once the Rapier was introduced it gave Spain more power in weaponry, which allowed conquistadors to have an enormous advantage. During this time of exploration, slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa and Europe. These were transported in ships, at which time it was discovered that some had diseases which were easily transmitted amongst themselves. This became an epidemic that was brought to the new lands, and affected the indigenous people. Europe had previously gone through this disease, which was contracted by domestic animals. This caused many deaths, but those who survived became immune to these diseases. Once the epidemic arrived to the Americas, the indigenous became utterly ill. They unlike the Spanish, were not immune to these diseases because of their lack of domestic animals. Approximately 95% of the Inca population died. This completely destroyed their community, and allowed for the Spanish to conquer the lands easily and obtain their gold. The Inca’s numbers decreased almost immediately, which caused them to have a lack of power as well as army. This was an advantage to the Spanish which they used at their favor, taking over completely of the Incas. In conclusion the Europeans were able to conquer the incas easily because of geography and where they were located. They aquired guns first and the germs were ar ound more because of the animals they lived with and how they had many years to perfect their weapons and the steel was aquired first too.

Ancient Humanities Essays

Ancient Humanities Essays Ancient Humanities Essay Ancient Humanities Essay Marcus Fant HUM250 Humanities KGA 1 Field Trip Report In this report I plan to take you through the ancient times with a journey with art. We will start in the Mesopotamia where you can see the Cuneiform writing which was the first form of known writing. They had a belief in Polytheism which I the belief in many Gods. It was their belief that the Gods power flows through the king. The next step would be to go to the Ancient Egyptian. They developed a style of writing called Hieroglyphics which is one of the earliest forms of writing. They also believed in polytheism and sacrifices at the time of burial. They buried their dead king are called Pharaohs in tombs called Pyramids. The Pharaohs are considered to have a sacred kingship. When we get to Ancient Greece (classical) that is called the Bronze Age (2500 – 1150 B. C. ) their religious belief is at the height of Polytheism that is the belief in many Gods. The ruler in this time frame was King Minos who was the King of Minos, they make they make their home of the Island of Crete. The artisans were very skillful in frescos and figurines and vases. Minoans worshiped freedom and equality of women. The Mycenaean’s inhabit the city of Mycenae c 1600 – 1150. The culture was a warriors and pirate culture. Like the Egyptians they believed in life after death. Another part of their history would be the Trojan war. Our next step will be the Dark Ages (1150 – 900 b. ,c. ) Early Greeks (8th Century b. c. ) The Minoans and Mycenaean’s was the base of their civilization. The had a belief in Polytheism and had anthropomorphic belief that the Greek Gods were shaped like humans. They did do sacrifies but only animals. Theology the making of gods is a synthesis of Greek Belief also Philosophy was also invented here also. Then we move to Ancient Rome (735b. c. ) where the Etruscans we engineering arches, they also believed in polytheism. Julius Caesar the first dictator Octavian Agustus. Greek puls Hellenism and practicality were all parts of Roman culture. They started public altars and satues of emperor also during that time the coliseum was being built. The next part of our time line will bring Monotheism (the belief in one God) and then we see a new vision of how to look at the way are is done. Iraq, Nimrud Ashurnasirpal II and a Winged Deity, 883-859 BC Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 5 x 210. 8 cm. ) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 3) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 Assyria, Nimrud Deity Performing Ritual Purification, circa 870 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 51 x 210. 82 cm) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 5) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: [I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Assyria, Nimrud, palace of Ashurnasirpal II Eagle-Headed Deity, 833-858 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypsum, Height: 88 in. (223. 52 cm) Gift of Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 4) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Osiris Date: New Kingdom (1550 1070 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Wood with gilding Dimensions: Height: 22 1/2 in. (57. 15 cm) Credit Line: Mr. and Mrs. Allan C. Balch Fund Osiris, the mummiform ruler of the dead, wears the insignia of Egyptian royalty: the tall crown of Upper Egypt, the uraeus (cobra) headdress, a false beard, and, now lost, a crook and flail. Images of Osiris were placed in tombs as symbols of resurrection Artist Name: Unknown Title: Figurine of the Goddess Wadjet Date: 26th Dynasty (circa 664 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Bronze Dimensions: Height: 13 in. (33 cm) This elegant, striding bronze figure represents the goddess Wadjet, protectress of the king and tutelary deity of Lower Egypt. One of several Egyptian goddesses depicted with the head of a lioness, Wadjet is identified in this example by the dedicatory inscription on the rectangular base. The preserved portion of the text also includes part of the donors name and parentage. This figure probably was dedicated as an offering in a temple, and in addition may have served as a container for the remains of a sacred animal. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Artists Trial Piece Date: Late Period, 26th Dynasty, reign of Amasis or later (circa 570 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Limestone Dimensions: Height: 14 in. (35. 56 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 303 Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) an Elderly Satyr (Papposilenos) Followed by Young Dionysos, and (B) Two Wreathed Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 in. (38. 1 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: Willilam Randolph Hearst Collection On south Italian vases the wine god Dionysos is almost invariably depicted as a long-haired, athletic young man. On the front of this vase the god advances across uneven terrain at night, his way illuminated by the torch carried by a small, old white-haired satyr, who hurries along with a full wineskin slung over his shoulder. They are on their way to a drinking party, and in anticipation of their arrival, Dionysos holds out his cup. Below the satyr is a small altar. Flanking the pictures front and back are slender half-palmettes, ornamental hallmarks of the Paestan style of vase painting. The two clothed youths on the reverse are standard too, as are the heavy dot-stripe borders on their garments. Andrew J. Clark, (2008) Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) the Centaur Chiron Accompanied by a Satyr and (B) Two Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 1/4 in. 38. 74 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection On this vase a centaur is depicted traveling in the company of a diminutive satyr. The torch held by the centaur indicates that the scene takes place at night. Centaurs are part human and part horse, and more often than not, they are depicted as uncouth beings. This centaur appears distinctly human, however, and it may be that he is either Chiro n, the wise centaur who tutored the hero Achilles, or Pholos, another civilized centaur. Whoever he may be, the centaur’s torch and the presence of a satyr suggest that they are going to a nocturnal Dionysiac revel. Except for Chiron and Pholos, centaurs were notorious drunks who could not hold their liquor. Artist Name: Unknown Title: The Hope Athena Date: 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek Original of the 5th century B. C. Place Made: Italy, Ostia or Rome Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Marble Dimensions: Height: 86 in. (218. 4 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war waged for just causes, wears a breastplate decorated with heads of gorgons, the monsters whose piercing gaze turned to stone everyone whose eyes they met. The statue was excavated at Ostia, the port of Rome, in 1797. The hollow eye sockets suggest that the eyes originally were inlaid. This Athena is a Roman copy of a Greek original, the so-called Hope-Farnese type of Athena, named after LACMA’s statue, which was once owned by Thomas Hope, and the other fairly complete version in Naples, which came from the princely Farnese family. Mary Levkoff, 2008) Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Dressed in a chiton and sumptuous mantle, her chest protected by an aegis, Athena may once have looked at a small figure of Nike on her right hand while supporting her left arm on a lance. She stands in the purest classical contrapposto, but since the forms of her body are entirely concealed under the garments, this is conveyed by the system of drapery folds. The helmeted head, once crowned by a sphinx and two griffins, was carved separately. The Hope Athena gives her name to a sculptural type that is based on a Greek work of 430–420 BC and relates to the famous Athena Parthenos by Pheidias. The Athena was excavated together with the Hygieia (cat. no. 110) in Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, and the two statues were sold together at the Hope collection sale in 1917. They were numbers one and two, respectively, in Hope’s catalogue of his own collection. Hearst acquired them later, at separate sales in the 1930s, thus reuniting two works of art that were probably displayed together in antiquity. He was definitely aware of their Hope provenance, if not their ancient context, since he also purchased a significant number of Greek vases that came from that English collection (see cat. nos. 99, 101–5). The Hope Athena and Hope Hygieia are clearly the most important and best-preserved Roman sculptures from Hearst’s collection. At one point the Athena was displayed in the Assembly Room at San Simeon’s Casa Grande, together with Antonio Canova’s Venus Italica (cat. no. 123). Hearst parted with the Athena only at the very end, donating her in 1951, the year of his death. Jens Daehner, (2008) Rome, Roman The Lansdowne Bust of Athena of Velletri, 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 430-420 B. C. by Kresilas Sculpture; Stone, Marble, 42 x 33 x 19 in. (106. 68 x 83. 82 x 48. 26 cm) William Randolph Hearst Collection (49. 23. 1) European Painting and Sculpture: Greek and Roman Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 303 A colossal Greek statue of Athena that once stood at Piraeus, the port of Athens, inspired a number of Roman copies. Its name comes from the best-preserved full-length copy, which was discovered at the site of the Villa Velletri, south of Rome, and is now in the Louvre. Fragments of LACMA’s sculpture were unearthed around 1760 by the Scottish antiquarian Gavin Hamilton. The bust has been reconstituted from them: the right shoulder, face, and part of the helmet are original. The remainder, including the snakes and the grimacing gorgon’s head, was carved in the eighteenth century. This extensive restoration was typical of the treatment of ancient fragments at that time. (Mary Levkoff, 2008) Artist Name Skopas (attributed to) Title The Hope Hygieia Date 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 360 B. C. Place Made Italy, Ostia (? ) or Rome Collection Area Greek and Roman Medium Marble Dimensions 75 x 25 x 18 in. (190. 5 x 63. 5 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Culture Roman Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Hygieia, daughter of the healer god Asklepios, is represented feeding a large serpent from a dish in her hand. This is the best-preserved ancient copy of a lost Greek statue of the fourth century BC- a type hence named after the Hope Hygieia- and was carved in the mid-second century AD, during the Antonine period. As with the Hope Athena (cat. no. 109), Hygieia’s eye sockets are hollow, indicating that her eyes were originally inlaid in a different polychrome material, such as colored stone or glass. When Hearst donated the statue to the Los Angeles County Museum, its appearance was essentially the same as it was when it entered Thomas Hope’s collection 150 years earlier. The original marble restorations of around 1800- including the right arm, left hand, nose, eyes, and parts of the snake- were removed in the 1970s but reintegrated in preparation for the present exhibition. Jens Daehner, (2008) Paul Vredeman de Vries (1567 1630) Interior of Antwerp Cathedral, 1612 Painting, Oil on panel, Sight: 24 1/4 x 31 1/4 in. (61. 6 x 79. 4 cm); Framed: 31 1/2 x 39 in. (80 x 99. 1 cm) Gift of William Randolph Hearst (49. 17. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 319 Inexplicably attributed at the time of its acquisition to Peeter NeeJs the Elder (c. 578–1656) in spite of its prominent signature, this interior of a cathedral is by Paul Vredeman de Vries, an artist who- like his father, Hans- specialized in painting fanciful architectural subjects. Paul’s most famous works are large compositions probably commissioned by Rudolf II in Prague, where Hans and Paul worked in 1596 (Vienna, Kunsthis torisches Museum). The Los Angeles panel, unlike the Vienna pictures, does not combine Italianate and Gothic motifs but represents instead the interior of a Gothic church loosely reminiscent of the Antwerp Cathedral. It is likely that the figures were executed by another painter, a practice common to artists such as Vredeman de Vries, who specialized in the depiction of buildings. The figures in many of his paintings were the work of Dirk de Quade van Ravesteyn (active c. 1576–1612). To judge from the close timing of his purchase and donation of this painting, Hearst apparently bought it for the museum, not for himself, just as he did Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes by Jean Lemaire (inv. no. 49. 17. 16) and Supper at Emmaus by Filippo Tarchiani (inv. no. 49. 17. 3). Interior of a Gothic Church is included here as an example of Hearst’s acquisitions on behalf of the Los Angeles County Museum. J. Patrice Marandel, (2008) Jean-Antoine Houdon (France, Versailles, 1741 1828) Voltaire Seated, circa 1779-1795 Sculpture, Plaster, with vestiges of paint and terracotta slip, with metal supports; on modern painted wood base, Sculpture: 52 1/2 x 35 1/2 x 33 in. (133. 35 x 90. 17 x 83. 82 cm); Base: 34 x 45 x 37 1/4 in. (86. 36 x 114. 3 x 94. 62 cm) Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation (M. 2004. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 330 Artist Name: Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn Title: Portrait of Dirck Jansz Pesser Date: circa 1634 Place Made: Holland Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on panel Dimensions: 25 1/2 x 19 7/8 in. (64. 77 x 50. 48 cm) Credit Line: Frances and Armand Hammer Purchase Fund Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 324 By 1634, when he traveled to Rotterdam and painted this portrait of the wealthy brewer Dirck Jansz. Pesser (1587–1651) and those of his wife, Haesje van Cleyburgh, and his mother, Aechje Claesdr. Rembrandt was recognized as Amsterdam’s most fashionable portrait painter. Here he employed the conventional oval format but used the undulating rim of the hat, the white ruff, and the carefully orchestrated shadows of Pesser’s face to create a lively image that appears to exist in real space. Artist Name: Georges de La Tour Title: The Magdalen with the Smoking Flame Date: circa 1638-1640 Place Made: France Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 46 1/16 x 36 1/8 in. (117 x 91. 76 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 320 This painting by the French artist Georges de la Tour was made around 1638-40. De la Tour’s style reflects Caravaggio, an artist who used light in a very innovative way. He represented the light itself in the picture, and here De la Tour does the same thing. In this painting, the Magdalen is seated looking at a candle, and you see the shadows cast by that flame onto the figure and the environment. That which seems to us a very simple idea was a great innovation in the early part of the 17th century. Many artists following the example of Caravaggio in Italy did this,and the style was also adopted in other parts of Europe. De La Tour’s work is very rare. There are perhaps only 50 paintings known to be by him in the world, and the painting at LACMA is one of the very finest examples. Georges de La Tour painted four versions of Mary Magdalene, the courtesan who was absolved of sin through her faith in Christ. Here she appears in retreat from the world, contemplating the suffering of Christ and her own mortality, symbolized by the skull that she cradles in her lap. By turning her away from the viewer, using dramatic lighting, geometric simplicity, and monumentality, La Tour created an atmosphere of calm that emphasizes her penitence. Artist Name: Picano, Francesco; Vaccaro, Lorenzo Title: Saint Michael Casting Satan into Hell Date: 1705 Place Made: Italy, Naples Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed wood with glass Dimensions: 52 1/2 x 27 1/4 x 24 3/4 in. (133. 35 x 69. 22 x 62. 87 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: Unknown Title: Pieta Date: circa 1725 Place Made: Spain, Seville or Cordoba (? ) Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed plaster, macerated linen fibers, gesso- or glue-soaked fabric, wood, papier-mache, glass and other materials Dimensions: 45 1/4 x 44 1/2 x 33 in. (115 x 113 x 84 cm) Credit Line: Purchased with funds provided by Eugene V. Klein and Mary Jones-Gaston in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Stone Jones, by exchange Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: John Cheere Title: The Capitoline Isis Date: 1767 Place Made: England Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Painted plaster Dimensions: 76 x 23 x 18 in. (193. 04 58. 42 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Archie Preissman Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 Artist Name John Deare Title Judgment of Jupiter Date 1786-1787 Place Made Rome Collection Area European Painting and Sculpture Medium Marble relief Dimensions 58 1/4 x 117 1/4 in. (148 x 297. 82 cm) Credit Line Gift of Anna Bing Arnold Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 John Deare, an English sculptor who spent his entire professional career in Rome, was commissioned by the Royal Academy to make this relief for an exhibition in 1787. In style and subject matter it reflects the neoclassical taste for perfection. The philosophers of the Age of Reason believed that man and society, through the systematic study and emulation of both classical learning and arts, could return to a Golden Age paralleling that of classical antiquity. Deares relief embodies this ideal. In conclusion when we start with polytheism we know that it focus’s on the many gods and how it affected the way that art was make. Then how it move to monotheism. The way the culture will dictate how art was made and view throughout society.