Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation Essay

Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation - Essay Example 2008). In UK today, there exist no published figures on this particular ‘gap’ but statistics from the Tax Justice Network (TJN) indicate that UK’s fifty largest companies have paid an average of 5.7 per cent less corporation tax than ‘expected rates’ from 2000 to 2004 (Wolfgang et al. 2008). This largely depends upon what is ‘expected’ and some of the assumptions made are questionable. For instance, in UK, TJN has associated this with excessive corporate tax allowances given to motivate investment in plant and machinery that in turn result into high levels of deferred taxation (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Today, capital allowances constitute examples of various express tax relief and incentives, which are regarded by most governments as desirable in the context of their economic policies. Recent report findings by the National Audit Office in UK identified that, around 220 of the largest UK 700 companies paid no tax at all in the years 2005 an d 2006, which led to concerns being widely highlighted in the media that there were high levels of corporate tax avoidance (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Therefore, this research paper will largely look at and make evaluation of the UK tax system in the context of Adam’s Canon of Taxation. Background to Adam’s Canon of Taxation Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics and part of his contribution to the field of economics was presentation of four principles of a good taxation system known as Adam Smith’s Canons of Taxation (Smith and Cannan 1976; Smith and Sutherland 1998). The four principles are as follows: Canon of Equity, in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"people of every state should pay their share in proportion to their individual abilities, which means that they should pay tax proportion to that income which they respectively get under the government security† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). The basic assumption of this law is that , people are supposed to pay taxes according their capacity, while equity in this sense means people should demonstrate equality of sacrifice in paying tax. For instance, since the rich people’s marginal utility of money is less than that for the poor, rich people are supposed to pay more amounts in taxes than the poor people (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d). Therefore the principle of justice is implicated in this doctrine (Nicholson 1928) and in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"It will be more justified for the rich to contribute to the public expenditure not only what is proportionate to their income but more than that† (Jain and Khanna 2006, p.349). The second canon is that of certainty, where the postulation of this principle is that, there need to be a certainty regarding taxes (Das, 1993). For example, in Smith’s words â€Å"the tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary and that time of payment, the manner of payment , the quantity to be paid ought to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). These assumptions show that, in any taxation system, individuals must know how much tax they are supposed to pa

Police Department Roles and Functions Essay Example for Free

Police Department Roles and Functions Essay There are many various functions of police agencies. Patron, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special operations are just some of the various functions of police agencies. There are many differences between the functions of the police agencies and the federal, state, and the local levels. There are reasons of why you need to have various functions and roles of policing in any community. There are a few various functions of police agencies such as patrol, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special functions. There are many functions of the patrol and consists of protecting the lives of people and their property, repression of criminal and delinquent behavior, identification, apprehension and conviction of offenders, traffic flow, collision reduction, maintenance of order and public safety. Patrol functions are a major part of policing agencies. Traffic functions consist of identifying potential traffic problems and hazards, arresting offenders, investigation property damage and personal injury automobile accidents, regulating parking on the streets and municipal buildings (Grant Terry, 2008). Traffic functions keep the roads safer and make things flow better for traffic. Juvenile services are there to help juvenile offenders go to counseling and counseling for the juvenile’s families. There are also programs that can help juveniles learn about drugs, alcohol, abuse and gangs. There is a program called (D.A.R.E) Drug Abuse Resistance Education. (GREAT) Gang Resistance Education and Training is another program that is used to inform the youth group about the negative impact of gangs. Intelligence and undercover is where officers go and use a different identification so that they can get closer to suspects or fugitive or get evidence (Grant Terry, 2008). They may have to live in different places and dress as complete different people then who they are so that they can  fit in to the environment they are trying to get close to. The last function is the special operations that consist of S.W.A.T and the canine unit. The S.W.A.T stands for special weapons and tactics and they functions are dealing with high risk law enforcement such as hostage situations and arresting people that are armed and dangerous suspects. The canine unit is having a police dog that helps on searches. Searches could be consisting of drug investigations, tracking and searching for victims or suspects, vehicle searches, and searching of buildings (Grant Terry, 2008). The police agency functions differ from the federal, state, and local level. The federal has two main functions that split into a few different functions. The Homeland Security and Department of Justice have many functions. The Homeland Security has the Bureau of Customs and Border protection (CBP) and this helps make sure that people and cargo are crossed borders legally and safely. Bureau of Immigration and Custom Enforcement known as (ICE) works with the smuggling of drugs and weapons. It also helps remove illegal immigrants that should not be across the borders. ICE also helps protect and secure federal buildings. FEMA is the Federal Emergency Management Agency and their goal is to help prevent man-made disasters from destroying cities. FEMA also helps after man-made disasters happen with providing food, water, and shelter to the people that have homes that are destroyed or have no stores that have food remaining for them to eat or drink. Department of Justice has a few functions as well that are to help protect on a higher level than the police agencies. Drug Enforcement Administrators (DEA) deal with enforcing laws that pertain to controlled substances. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) has many functions. They protect against any kind of terrorist attack against the country, foreign intelligence operations, cyber based attacks, public corruption, and white collar crimes. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) deal with the investigations of the trafficking of illegal firearms. The ATF also enforces federal laws that pertain to federal taxes on alcohol and tobacco (Walker Katz, 2011). The federal and the police agencies have many differences. The federal have more of a variety of different functions than the police agencies. The state does not have as many functions as the federal but still have functions that make a difference. The State has some functions that the police agencies also have. The State has different kind of  officers. There are State police and Highway patrol officers that patrol the highways statewide. They also have power to give traffic violations, criminal investigations, and arrest non traffic violators (Walker Katz, 2011). The police agencies also do a lot of patrol just like the state police. The local levels are a lot like the police agencies. They have municipal officers, county police and they hav e sheriffs that patrol city roads. They attend to more serious crimes that are committed in the city. The local level deals with order maintenance problems and emergency services (Walker Katz, 2011). The county police have the same functions as the municipal officers but can operate countywide. The sheriffs have more functions than the municipal officers and the county police. The sheriffs have to go to courts and deal with corrections. When it comes to the community all of the policing agencies are very important. There are many functions and roles that help keep a safe community. If there are limited policing agencies in the community it could raise the rate of crime, accidents, and deaths. With having the functions in the communities it helps make the people of the community feel safer knowing that the policing agencies are out patrolling the streets whether it is by foot, bike, car, or horse. Without having the functions of trafficking there would be more accidents on the roads or highways. If the juvenile services the younger generations may not have the resources to learn about awareness programs for drugs, alcohol, and abuse. They may not have the opportunity to change their lives by attending counseling to help better themselves. Without having undercover officers it would be a little harder to catch suspects before they actually commit a crime. Even though not all cities have the canine unit, the canine unit helps search for things that the human nose cannot detect as well as a dog can. The canine unit is a very big help for searches when victims are missing or are searching for drugs. There are many functions and roles for all police agencies no matter how big or how small the agency is. There are many differences between the police agencies and the federal, state, and local level. But there are also some functions that are the same. Without having functions of all the police agencies there would be more crime and accidents within the cities and states. Having as many functions in all the policing agencies makes this place a safer place for everyone. References Walker, S., Katz, C.M. (2011). The police in America: An introduction (7th ed). Grant, H.B., Terry, K.J. (2008) Law Enforcement in the 21st Century(2nd ed).

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Comparing The Pardoners Tale and The Nuns

Irony in The Pardoners Tale and The Nun's Priest's Tale    Irony is the general name given to literary techniques that involve surprising, interesting,or amusing contradictions. 1   Two stories that serve as excellent demonstrations of irony are "The Pardoners Tale" and " The Nun's Priest's Tale," both from Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. Although these two stories are very different, they both use irony to teach a lesson.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the stories, "The Pardoners Tale" displays the most irony. First and foremost, the entire telling of the story is ironic, considering just who is the teller.   The Pardoner uses this story to speak out against many social problems, all of which he himself is guilty of.   He preaches about drunkenness, while he is drunk, blasphemy, as he attempts to sell fake religious relics, and greed, when he himself is amazingly greedy. Yet there are also many ironic situations in the story itself.   The irony starts when, in the begining of the story, the three rioters make a pact to "be brothers" and "each defend the others" and "to live and die for one another" in protection from Death, (lines 37-43) and then in going out to fulfill their vow, they end up finding money, and killing each other over it. Even more ironic, is how they end up killing each other.   After finding the money, the men plan to stay with it until it becomes dark and they can safely take it away.   To tide themselves over until then, they send the youngest one out to get food and wine, and while he is away they plan to kill for his share of the money.   Ironically, the youngest one is planning the same thing so he slips poison into the drinks... ...tion.   By teaching this in two very different stories Chaucer makes it very clear that irony is an extremely effective method of teaching a lesson.    Works Cited and Consulted Arrathoon, Leigh A. "The Pardoner's Tale," Chaucer and the Craft of Fiction. Ed. Leigh A. Arrathoon, Rochester, Michigan: Solaris Press, Inc. 1986. 241-318 Beidler, Peter G. "The Nun's Priest's Tale" Chaucer Review Vol: 34, Issue: 4. April 01, 2000. 388-397 Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales: Riverside Chaucer Third Edition. Ed. Larry D. Benson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company,1987. 3-328 Secondary Taavitsainen, Irma. "Personality and styles of Affect in the Canterbury Tales" Chaucer in Perspective. Ed. Geoffrey Lester.Midsomer North, Bath: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. 1999. 218-232 White, Annie "Irony in Chaucer's Tales,'" 20 Jan. 2001.   

The Tenant :: essays research papers

Seneca Falls. This topic in my opinion closely relates to Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. In 1848, around the same time this novel was published the Seneca Falls women's rights convention took place in the United States. They fought for the woman’s right to vote and overall equality. It was like men and women lived in different worlds they had to obey different rules and standards. Men basically had little rule, while women were very oppressed. They couldn’t make decisions and own property. Bronte certainly flipped the script with this novel showing the empowered female through her protagonist Helen Graham. Helen Graham is a young woman who changes her identity when she flees from her alcoholic husband who's been leading a life of corruption. She enters this nosy town who finds her new face to be quite interesting. Her new neighbor, Gilbert Markham, is terribly fascinated with Helen. At one point I felt that he could be deemed a stalker because she would not give him the time of day and he still persisted. Eventually Helen gives him her diary which pours out the confessions of her previously disastrous life and gives way to hope for a new future and helps both Gilbert and the reader understand the pain of this troubled woman. Helen passionately challenging ideas such as the extreme sheltering of girls, and the extreme exposure of boys, to the harshness of the world. We especially see this when Gilbert Markham argues with Helen over the differential treatment of boys and girls and the implied outcomes. Helen's protective treatment of her son Arthur sparks reaction in Gilbert. Gilbert's response to this is to say that â€Å"†¦and by such means ... you will never render him virtuous†. His outlook is that based on the society in order to prepare boys to be men it is necessary for them to be exposed to the dangers of the world as a means of developing a strong moral character. It is a double standard for females by the view that girls and women must be protected from the harsh realities of the world in order to protect them from moral distress or tainting. It is this contradiction that Helen addresses, challenging the importance of exposure to use as a strengthening of moral character, and the valu e of keeping girls in complete ignorance of the world's vice to prevent their corruption.

Totalitarian Essay

Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. The totalitarian regimes of the 1920’s-1930’s. These regimes, although in different areas, shared a common goal; total control. In order to achieve this these regimes would need to gain the support of the people. Adolf Hitler was said, â€Å"Burn into the little man’s soul the proud conviction that though a little worm, he is nonetheless part of a great dragon. † I believe these regimes accomplished Hitler’s goal in this quote by using techniques; some different and some similar. Adolf Hitler of Germany was the leader of the Anti-Semitic Nazi regime.Hitler realized he needed real followers, people who fully believed in his practice. In order to achieve this he used propaganda, rewards, and feelings of national pride. The Nazi regime used posters, movies, books, and other devices to manipulate mold the people’s image to what the regime wanted them to see instead of the cruel reality that was really taking place. When people saw these glorified images, it put a good connotation on everything that the Nazi regime was doing and trying to accomplish. The people truly believed the Nazi regime was good because of what was being portrayed.Another way the Nazi regime accomplished their goal was by providing the people with the national pride that had been lost after the First World War. The Nazi’s brought Germany back on top. The Nazi’s liked to make everyone feel accepted and needed. They wanted everyone to feel like they were part of a big family. They even made low class workers with small jobs feel like they were such a big part of society and their job was an honor. The last main way the Nazi’s accomplished their goal was through rewards. The Nazi regime would reward their followers for being loyal and obeying commands.They would find your weaknesses and use them to lure you in. Everyone is naturally going to love someone who rewards them and makes them feel proud. People back then, were almost like dogs. When dogs do something good and you give it a treat, they know they did a good thing and will keep doing it. That’s how people’s minds were programmed into thinking they were doing the right thing. The Nazi regime abused and manipulated people’s emotions in order to achieve their goal. Benito Mussolini, the fascist leader of Italy, organized the Brown Shirts. Mussolini chose to use national pride and force to achieve his goal for total control.Mussolini realized the Italian people needed a country they could believe and take pride in. These people needed a government to make them proud again. So Mussolini portrayed his regime in a way that made the people proud. Mussolini wanted the loyalty to the country to come before anything else in every citizen’s life. Even family was expected to come after loyalty to Italy. For the people that did not see Italy as something to be proud in, Mussolini used force. The Brown Shi rts would make sure you obeyed orders and remained loyal to your government. They would physically beat you into following the rules of the government.Mussolini and his regime focused on using physical techniques to achieve the goal. Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union created an empire where he was always on top. He let no one even get close enough to take away his power. Stalin’s favorite ways of winning the people’s acceptance was through his use of propaganda, national pride, and force. Stalin wanted to be portrayed to his people as a hero. He demanded and censored all propaganda so that he was constantly shown in a good, heroic light. Stalin even used children in some propaganda to paint a good image for him. Another way Stalin achieved the goal was through force.If you were against the government in any way, you were immediately gone. He would eliminate you. Stalin also was so power hungry, even if you weren’t against the government, he’d pick random people, say they were traitors, and kill them. Which led to the deaths of many people in the Soviet Union. The last way Stalin got support from his people was through his use of national pride. Stalin industrialized the Soviet Union. He created a country that it’s citizens could be proud of. He made sure his people only saw the benefits of industrializing instead of the horrible things he was really doing.Stalin made his country proud, which led his people to support him. Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin all had one big trait in common. They were all manipulators. They were so good at manipulation that people didn’t even know they were being manipulated. Each regime used it’s own techniques and tactics to gain total control. These all worked for a decent amount of time. But all wound up failing in the end, leading to the downfall of the regimes. Each regime accomplished the goal in the quote by using multiple types of manipulation. Unfortunately, by the tim many citizen’s realized this†¦ It was already too late. Totalitarian Essay Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. The totalitarian regimes of the 1920’s-1930’s. These regimes, although in different areas, shared a common goal; total control. In order to achieve this these regimes would need to gain the support of the people. Adolf Hitler was said, â€Å"Burn into the little man’s soul the proud conviction that though a little worm, he is nonetheless part of a great dragon. † I believe these regimes accomplished Hitler’s goal in this quote by using techniques; some different and some similar. Adolf Hitler of Germany was the leader of the Anti-Semitic Nazi regime.Hitler realized he needed real followers, people who fully believed in his practice. In order to achieve this he used propaganda, rewards, and feelings of national pride. The Nazi regime used posters, movies, books, and other devices to manipulate mold the people’s image to what the regime wanted them to see instead of the cruel reality that was really taking place. When people saw these glorified images, it put a good connotation on everything that the Nazi regime was doing and trying to accomplish. The people truly believed the Nazi regime was good because of what was being portrayed.Another way the Nazi regime accomplished their goal was by providing the people with the national pride that had been lost after the First World War. The Nazi’s brought Germany back on top. The Nazi’s liked to make everyone feel accepted and needed. They wanted everyone to feel like they were part of a big family. They even made low class workers with small jobs feel like they were such a big part of society and their job was an honor. The last main way the Nazi’s accomplished their goal was through rewards. The Nazi regime would reward their followers for being loyal and obeying commands.They would find your weaknesses and use them to lure you in. Everyone is naturally going to love someone who rewards them and makes them feel proud. People back then, were almost like dogs. When dogs do something good and you give it a treat, they know they did a good thing and will keep doing it. That’s how people’s minds were programmed into thinking they were doing the right thing. The Nazi regime abused and manipulated people’s emotions in order to achieve their goal. Benito Mussolini, the fascist leader of Italy, organized the Brown Shirts. Mussolini chose to use national pride and force to achieve his goal for total control.Mussolini realized the Italian people needed a country they could believe and take pride in. These people needed a government to make them proud again. So Mussolini portrayed his regime in a way that made the people proud. Mussolini wanted the loyalty to the country to come before anything else in every citizen’s life. Even family was expected to come after loyalty to Italy. For the people that did not see Italy as something to be proud in, Mussolini used force. The Brown Shi rts would make sure you obeyed orders and remained loyal to your government. They would physically beat you into following the rules of the government.Mussolini and his regime focused on using physical techniques to achieve the goal. Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union created an empire where he was always on top. He let no one even get close enough to take away his power. Stalin’s favorite ways of winning the people’s acceptance was through his use of propaganda, national pride, and force. Stalin wanted to be portrayed to his people as a hero. He demanded and censored all propaganda so that he was constantly shown in a good, heroic light. Stalin even used children in some propaganda to paint a good image for him. Another way Stalin achieved the goal was through force.If you were against the government in any way, you were immediately gone. He would eliminate you. Stalin also was so power hungry, even if you weren’t against the government, he’d pick random people, say they were traitors, and kill them. Which led to the deaths of many people in the Soviet Union. The last way Stalin got support from his people was through his use of national pride. Stalin industrialized the Soviet Union. He created a country that it’s citizens could be proud of. He made sure his people only saw the benefits of industrializing instead of the horrible things he was really doing.Stalin made his country proud, which led his people to support him. Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin all had one big trait in common. They were all manipulators. They were so good at manipulation that people didn’t even know they were being manipulated. Each regime used it’s own techniques and tactics to gain total control. These all worked for a decent amount of time. But all wound up failing in the end, leading to the downfall of the regimes. Each regime accomplished the goal in the quote by using multiple types of manipulation. Unfortunately, by the tim many citizen’s realized this†¦ It was already too late.

Binders Bookstore essays

Binder's Bookstore essays As partners of Binders Bookstore, we have collectively chosen to automate our business. There is a need for our company to be computerized; the manual approach is not cohesive. We need to investigate our needs and evaluate the products available to suit our company. It is imperative to move our bookstore into the technological age due to the high volume of sales, and competition. The management team at Binders will create an information system that will more than double the productivity and revenue. Dont be caught unaware. In todays business world, being on top of things is the name of the game-and online competitive intelligence is the winning play. (Carroll, 2002) Binders Bookstore is at a major crossroads with their business practices. After being in business for 15 years, they need to reevaluate their current situation in regards to office automation. The three owners have chosen to create a business plan to facilitate this process. As a planning tool, the business plan guides you through the various phases of your business. A thoughtful plan will help identify roadblocks and obstacles so that you can avoid them and establish alternatives. (SBA) In the first phrase of planning, Binders identified its background, business needs, purpose, constraints and assumptions. Currently, the second phrase captures the business requirements that include: inventory; customer database and marketing. Binders vision will aid in the success of reaching projected revenue targets while competing with the large retails. We opened Binders 15 years ago with a vision, to provide our local customers an inviting atmosphere and a variety of reading material. We know our customers by name and can always suggest new arrivals. However, our staff of three and our manual cash register can just not keep up with the business any longer. We need to do more than revamp; we need to i...

ship inspection guidelines Essays

ship inspection guidelines Essays ship inspection guidelines Essay ship inspection guidelines Essay Ill SHIP INSPECTION GUIDELINES 1 General These Guidelines have been developed for the use of the Administration in the conduct of ship safety inspection. Inspections shall be carried out during port stays and/or while underway, or 1. 1 while drydocked. 1. 2 Ship inspection shall be conducted upon official request being filed or complaint lodged, and payment of the prescribed fees and charges, unless the inspection is decided moto propio by the Administration, or its deputized agent. The official request for ship inspection should indicate the date, time and place of availability of the ship. If the requested schedule for inspection does not push through, the Administration, or its deputized agent, should advise the shipowner/ operator in writing, within three (3) working days from the requested schedule, that its application is being returned without prejudice to reviving the same upon the availability of the ship. 1. 3 Ship inspection shall be conducted by the nearest office/unit of the Administration, or its deputized agent, where the ship is available for inspection, notwithstanding where the ship is homeported. It shall, however, be the homeport office/unit which shall issue the ship safety certificates. In cases where the inspection is conducted by an office/unit other than the homeport, the inspection report shall immediately be forwarded to the homeport office/unit to serve as basis for issuance of the ship safety certificates. 1. 4 Inspectors must wear the prescribed identification, uniform, and equipped with the appropriate tools and paraphernalia prescribed for vessel inspection. Inspectors must present a valid order to the owner/operator or the master of the vessel. 1. Prior to the conduct of the actual inspection, there should be a pre-inspection meeting between the inspection team and the master who must be present at all imes during the conduct of the said inspection. 1. 6 All records, data and other relevant information generated as a result of the conduct of the inspection must be processed/evaluated/stored. Initial inspection (l) 2. 1 Prior to the ships registration, an inspect ion shall be undertaken to ensure compliance with the requirements of the PMMRR 1997, as amended, and other relevant rules and regulations, specifically covering the following: 2. . 1 Arrangements, materials and scantlings of the structure; 2. 1. 2 Boilers and other pressure ships; 2. 1. 3 Main and auxiliary machinery; 2. 1. Fire safety systems and appliances and arrangements, navigational equipment, nautical publications, means of embarkation for pilots, etc; 2. 1. 5 Radio installation, including those used in life-saving appliances; 2. 1. 6 Arrangements for the control of discharge of oil and the retention of oil on board; 2. 1. Provision of the lights, shapes, and means of making sound signals and distress signals, as required by the provisions of COLREG; and, 2. 1. 8 Approval of inclining experiment/stability test and certification of loadline. 2. 2 Annual Inspection (A) The annual inspection shall be undertaken to include verification on whether: . 2. 1 All equipment are operat ional and in satisfactory condition for the service for which the ship is intended; 2. 2. 2Alterations have been made to the hull or superstructures which would affect the calculations determining the position of the loadlines; 2. 2. Fittings and appliances for the protection of openings, guard rails, freeing ports and means of access to crews quarters are maintained in satisfactory condition; 2. 2. 4 Ship documents are complete and valid; and 2. 2. 5 Officers and crew are adequate duly certificated. 2. 3 Drydocking Inspection (D) This inspection is undertaken on ship placed on blocks in a drydock or slipway to examine the shell plating, stern frame, rudder, anchors and chain cables, sea inlets and overboard dischargers below waterline together with their valves and the fastening of these valves to the hull. During drydocking inspections, other parts such as tanks, top plating of double bottoms and structures below ceiling, propellers and shafting arrangement are to be examined and thickness gauging on plates and structural members should be carried out. 2. 4 Occasional Inspection (O) An additional inspection to determine overall safety condition of the ship whenever ade, or whether the ship is subject of complaints. 2. 5 Renewal Inspection (R) 2. 5. 1 All equipment are operational and in satisfactory condition for the service for which the ship is intended; 2. 5. Alterations have been made to the hull or loadlines; 2. 5. 3 Fittings and appliances for the protection of openings, guard rails, condition; 2. 5. 4 Ship documents are complete and valid; and 2. 5. 5 Officers and crew are adequate duly certificated. 3 Basic Coverage of Ship Inspections 3. 1 Hull 3. 2 Machinery, equipment and electrical 3. 3 Life-saving, fire-fighting, navigational and communication equipment 3. Vessels officer s and crew documentation 4 Categories of Ship Inspectors: 4. 1 Category A- These are Ship Safety Inspectors possessing the following qualifications: a. icensed Naval Architect Marine Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Electrical Engineers, Civil Engineers, Master Mariners, Chief Marine Engineers, and other related sciences; b. must have relevant experience; c. SSIS training and/or length of service of at least five years in the field or related to the field of ship inspection; and, d. as designated by the Administrator, upon the recommendation of the Ship Inspection System Committee. 4. Category B- These are Ship Safety Inspectors possessing the following qualifications; a. raduates of relevant technical courses, which include Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, etc. ; b. must have relevant experience; relevant experience, SSIS training and/or length of service of at least five (5) years to Category A Ship Safety Inspector upon t he recommendation of the Ship Safety Inspection System (SSIS) Committee. 4. 3 Category C- These are Ship Safety Inspectors which are not licensed to practice relevant technical profession nor graduates of relevant technical courses but possess he following requirements; a. ollege graduate; b. have substantial experience in the conduct of ship safety inspections; c. have attended an SSIS orientation Seminar/Training; and, d. recommended by the SSIS Committee for designation by the Administrator as Category C ship safety inspector 4. 4 Cadet Inspectors These are newly admitted personnel qualified and assigned to do ship safety inspection, as designated by the Administrator upon the recommendation of the SSIS Committee. 5. Qualifications for Ship Inspectors Inspectors shall be designated as Category A Ship Safety Inspector, Category B 5. Ship Safety Inspector, Category C Ship Safety Inspector, and Cadet Ship Safety Inspector. 5. 2 The Administrator may designate any inspector by reaso n of relevant experience, Ship Inspection training and/or length of service of at least five years related to ship safety inspection upon the recommendation of the SSIS Committee. 5. 3 All newly admitted personnel may be qualified and assigned to do ship safety inspection if so designated by the Administrator upon the recommendation of the SSIS Committee. 5. 4 Minimum Qualification Requirements 5. 4. Education Personnel participating in ship inspection must have a minimum educational ualification in accordance with the following: (a) a qualification from a marine or nautical institution to include experience in ship operations; or (b) a qualification from a technical institution with a degree majoring in naval architecture and marine engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering or other related physical science; (c) R. A. 1080 Civil eligibility; and (e) he or she should be proficient in the agreed language of the inspection. . 4. 2 Training Personne l performing ship inspection shall receive formal training conducted by the Administration, or a nationally/internationally recognized organization in the field of ship inspection and certification, to ensure adequate knowledge, competence and skills with respect to at least: (a) understanding of ship inspection; (b) mandatory rules and regulations; (c) applicable codes, guidelines and standards recommended by IMO, Classification Societies and Maritime Industry Organizations; and (d) Ship inspection system and techniques. Such knowledge, competence and skills should be demonstrated through written and/or oral examinations or other acceptable criteria. 5. 4. 3 Work Experience Personnel performing ship inspection must have work experience related to either classification or statutory certification surveys, technical and operational aspects of ship safety management or a combination of the three. a) Ship Inspection Experience of Category B Ship Safety Inspectors Personnel performing ship inspection, under this category should either be an inspector who has fulfilled the requirements of an equivalent national standard or shall have acquired, as a minimum, the inspection experience indicated below: (i) for initial or renewal inspection, inspectors should have participated in at least hree (3) initial or renewal inspection of ship under the supervision of a senior inspector; and (it) for periodical or additional inspection, inspectors should have participated in at least two (2) periodical or additional ins pection of a ship under the supervision of a senior inspector. (b) Ship Inspection Experience of Category A Ship Safety Inspectors Personnel performing ship inspection, as category A ship safety inspectors, are to have participated as a qualified Category B ship safety inspector in the initial or renewal inspection of the following size/type of ships, as a minimum, and are to have ndergone training as Category A ship safety inspector. Total gt high speed craft Passenger ships Cargo ships Tankers others 61 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards Ship Inspectors shall officially pledge to adopt and abide by the following code of conduct and ethical standards: (i) To ensure compliance with applicable international and national safety and marine environment protection rules and regulation; (it) To continuously seek to enhance his knowledge and skills to enable him to perform his duties competently and confidently with the highest integrity; (iii) To treat the shipowner/operator or his epresentatives with dignity and respect; (v) To conduct the ship inspection with an aspiration to contribute to the improvement of the maritime safety of the ship; (v) To endeavor to treat all inspection documents confidential; (vi) To, in the exercise of his functions as ship inspector, observe utmost prudence so that normal operations of the ship can be carried out. (vii) To safeguard personal integrity and therefore observe Republic Act No. 6713; (viii) To be punctual in the conduct of ship inspection; (ix) To, in dealing with his co-inspectors, regard them with esteem and deference; nd, (x) To unselfishly share whatever knowledge/information with his co-inspectors with the view to improve the maritime safety condition in the Philippines. 7 Ship Inspection Objectives and Responsibilities 7. Ship Inspection Objectives (i) Ensuring that all ships/vessels are maintained in safe operating conditions; and, (ii) Ensuring that all ships/vessels comply with the requirements of national and applicable international maritime safety standards. 7. 2 Lead Ship Inspectors Responsibilities (i) To prepare inspection program and schedule; (it) To lead the opening meeting; (iii) To supervise the conduct of inspection; v) To evaluate the report submitted by the ship inspectors; and (v) To lead the the inspection. 7. 3 Ship Inspectors Responsibilities (i) To conduct inspection as assigned by the Lead ship inspector; (it) To make and submit inspection report to the Lead Ship Inspector 8. Ship Inspection Procedures Inspections shall be carried out during port stays and/or while underway, or while drydocked. 8. 1 Pre-lnspection. 8. 1. Prior to the actual conduct of the inspection, the Lead Ship Inspector shall undertake the following preparatory tasks: (a) Ensure that members of the Inspection Team are in proper uniform and possess roper identification and authority to inspect the ship; (b) Ascertain the availability of inspection tools and equipment to be used; (c) Obtain necessary documents needed including checklist, a copy of ship specifications, pictures and plans, where applicable; (d) Confirm inspection time and location with ship operators or their representatives; (e) Hold pre-boarding meeting to coordinate the inspection work to be performed by each member of the team and to set a target completion time; and, (f) Inspector/lnspection Team to meet the Master on board the ship. 8. 2 Pre-lnspection while on Drydock. 8. 2. In case of drydocking inspection, on the date of the drydock and when the hull has been scraped and hosed down with fresh water, the ship inspectors shall be present in the conduct of the thickness gauging using the Shell Expansion Plan submitted by the Shipowner. 8. 2. 2 A conference between the shipowner, shipbuilder and the Administrations inspectors shall be undertaken to discuss the scope of inspection work. 8. 2. 3 The shipowner, shipbuilder and the ship inspectors shall agree and acknowledge the scope of inspection work to be undertaken. It should be understood however, that the agreements made should be in compliance with the PMMRR 1997 and other related rules and regulations. survey shall be conducted by the ship inspectors to determine full compliance with the agreement during the pre-survey/inspection. Inspection shall be conducted prior to hull preservation. 8. 2. 5 The Administration is not prevented from conducting any validation/verification inspection during the actual repair works. 8. 2. 6 Only after full compliance with the agreement at the full satisfaction of the attending ship inspector shall the ship be ready for the necessary hull preservation prior to undocking. 8. 2. When a major repair on the machinery has been performed, such as but not imited to, withdrawal of the tail shaft, repair of the rudder, propeller, a sea trial must be conducted in the presence of the attending ship inspector. 8. 3 Inspection Proper. 8. 3. 1 Upon boarding the ship, an opening meeting with the Ship Master shall be called. The Lead Ship Inspector shall introduce the members of the inspection team and inform the Ship Master the purpose for which the inspection shall be conducted. The Lead Ship Inspector shall inform the Ship Master of the areas to be covered by the inspection. Prior to the conduct of the actual inspection, there should be a pre- nspection meeting between the inspection team and the master who must be present at all times during the conduct of the said inspection. 8. 3. The inspections to be conducted shall cover the following, in accordance with the ship inspection procedure. (a) Verification of ship documents; (b) Hull and Deck Machinery condition; (c) Assessment of Ship machinery, steering and propulsion system; (d) Assessment of life-saving appliances, fire protection fire safety system, navigational, electrical and communications equipment, oil pollution prevention equipment and system, cargo andling appliances; and, (e) Verification of compliance with minimum safe manning requir ements, i. e. , officers, deck and engine watchkeepers and their pertinent documents. 8. 4 Field Action and Reporting 8. 4. Field action of the Inspection Team (a) A closing meeting with the Ship Master shall be called to present the details of the findings/results of the inspection. The Ship Master, or his representative, shall be required to sign the inspection report to confirm that he is in agreement with the are found, the Ship Inspection Team shall accomplish the Notice of Deficiency Form NODE) indicating the nature of deficiencies and the time within which the corrective actions shall be undertaken. A copy of the NODF shall be furnished only to the Ship Master who shall acknowledge receipt thereof. (c) In support of the findings, the Ship Inspection Team shall gather sufficient evidence including visual materials. d) Only after the conduct of the above procedures and/or after issuance of the corresponding shipyard certificate of drydocking at the full satisfaction of the Admi nistration and after compliance with other safety requirements/regulations, shall the necessary certificates be issued. 8. 4. 2 Inspection Reports The Ship Inspection Team shall submit the inspection report on hull, machinery, safety/communication equipment and crew/officers documentation within 24 hours, or the next working day upon arrival at the official station. 8. 5 Underwater Inspection Underwater inspection shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the following conditions (in addition to relevant regulations issued by the Administration): 8. 5. In areas duly designated by MARINA; 8. 5. 2 Only by accredited underwater marine surveying company under supervision by MARINA inspectors; 8. 5. 3 Water visibility should not be less than 80 percent. and 8. 5. Underwater inspection in lieu of drydocking shall be in accordance with generally accepted rules on underwater survey. 8. 6 Assignment of Inspector/lnspection Team 8. 6. 1 Assignment of Inspector The assignment of inspect ors shall be in accordance with the following: Size/Type of Ship Number of Inspectors Category of Inspectors Category A 5000 gt and above 3 1600 gt and below 5000 gt 2 500 gt and below 1600 gt below 500 Category B or C 8. 6. The selection/rotation of inspectors for vessel inspection assignments shall be based on the following: a) Recognition of the inspectors specialization vis-a-vis the vessel to be inspected; b) As a general rule, the inspector shall not be assigned to the same vessel at any given time except when there are serious deficiencies which require subsequent verification; c) Sequential assignments shall be encouraged for the purpose of saving time and cost. In no case shall an inspector be allowed to inspect more than two vessels at any given time. d) Assignment of inspector shall be made at least a day prior to the scheduled date of inspection. 8. 6. 3 The Ship Safety Inspector shall sign the Inspection Report and make the proper recommendation regarding the issuance o f the safety certificates.

How to Write a Formal Essay †Get your Sophistication on! BestEssay.education

How to Write a Formal Essay – Get your Sophistication on! How to Write a Formal Essay – Get your Sophistication on! Much of the essay and paper writing that you do in school is formal. And you are writing formal essays all the time without realizing it – you just may not be getting the grades you should, because you don’t fully understand the nature of these types of essays, as opposed to other types. Here you will find all that you need to know about formal essay writing. First, to Define Formal Essay Writing The formal essay is, above all, objective and impersonal. It is a piece of writing that explains, that informs, that compares and contrasts, and that may also attempt to persuade. These type of essays are contrasted with such pieces as a narrative (telling a story) or a personal statement essay that a student might write for college or graduate school admissions. Think of the difference between using the pronoun â€Å"I† and the pronoun â€Å"he† or â€Å"one.† That is perhaps the simplest method of differentiating between formal and informal essays. The other difference between formal writing and informal writing is usually that formal types are based upon factual evidence and data, while informal types are based upon emotion, stories, and un-supported beliefs/views. The Formal Essay Format A formal essay must be at least five paragraphs long and consist of an introduction, at least 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion. This probably sounds familiar to you; however, remember, that a personal statement essay also has the same format. Again, the difference is being personal or impersonal and objective. The Introduction: Obviously, this is the opening paragraph of your essay. It begins with some type of highly engaging sentence – a startling statistic, a quotation from a related famous expert on the topic, or a question that piques interest. The introduction must also state the topic and the thesis. Any formal essay must have a thesis statement, which provides the point you are trying to make. The thesis is usually the final sentence of the introduction. The Body: These are the paragraphs that will provide the information, evidence, etc. to prove your thesis statement. There may be any number, but there must be at least 3, and each must begin with a topic sentence. The Conclusion: Wrap up your points to demonstrate that your thesis is valid. Writing a Formal Essay of Various Types The structure and format for a formal will always be the same, no matter what type of essay you are writing. Here are some examples of formal essay topics based upon purpose/type: Expository: Explain the life cycle of a virus once it enters the human body. Definition: Define justice as it relates to our current court system in the U.S. Analysis: Analyze the poem, â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allen Poe Comparison/Contrast: Contrast the health care systems in the U.S. and Germany. Process: Explain the process by which ocean water is de-salinized Persuade: Convince an audience that prison privatization is a bad idea Contrast these topics with the following topics that are personal and informal. Describe a significant event in your life that impacted your belief system. Recall a time when you met with failure. Describe how and why you think you failed. What did you learn? Learning how to write a formal essay is not difficult – you already know the format. The key is to keep it objective – just the facts!

TD 2 HRM - 402 CONDUCTING NEED ASSESSMENTS Essay

TD 2 HRM - 402 CONDUCTING NEED ASSESSMENTS - Essay Example Therefore, there are high chances that after a training session, employees can perform better because training is a good way through which morale can be developed in employees. Literally, employees are able to turn around their attitudes during a training session; from negative to positive. In addition, training is a good avenue through which employees acquire new and essential skills. This transforms into improved work performance since they will be in a position to apply them effectively. The primary and quick way to assess the impact of training among employees is through observing behavior change. Learning has the ability to shape behavior (Hollenbeck et. Al., 2007). This gives an indication that the training has had an impact on employees and thus there is a high chance that the same will be reflected in performance. For effective measuring of behavior, it is good to observe behavior before and after training. Another important way of assessing the impact of training is through feedback and reactions. It is good to provide employees with a platform through which they can channel their feedbacks after training. Watch out for the reactions in the feedback. If they give negative comments about the training, it is likely that they cannot transfer any information to improve performance. Proficiency can be measured in various ways. Ability of employees to lead in making changes, leading teams, capability to produce results, and the effectiveness in building coalitions. All these proficiencies have five levels each. At level five, an employee is said to be an expert through the ability to apply the competency in very tough situations by creatively coming up with new and improved methods and aligning them to the vision and mission of the organization. Even though training is an important tool in every organization, it actually does not make sense if

Hollywood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hollywood - Essay Example It virtually thrilled the viewers in many scenes by making them feel horrified of what might happen. What are the principal themes in Rear Window? In other words, what is the film about? Bear in mind that this is a different issue than thinking about what happens in the film (though they are closely related of course). What are the bigger ideas to which the film is pointing us? Voyeurism is an important underlying theme of the movie which points to bigger concerns in life. More than his exotic girlfriend, Jeff seems more interested in spying on his neighbors’ activities. He is always sitting by the window looking at what his neighbors are doing which also infuriates his girlfriend. This character is also described by Hitchcock himself as â€Å"a real Peeping Tom† (Arnold and Stafford). Identify a number of different analytical positions from which we can approach any film. Define each of them briefly and explain why a feminist perspective has been used so frequently to explain Rear Window. Rear Window has been so frequently analyzed by a feminist perspective because this film and many other Hollywood movies have demonstrated a negative attitude towards women. Women have traditionally been portrayed as dumb blondes who cannot be as shrewd as male protagonists. Lisa keeps changing her clothes to please Jeff who remains in his pajamas throughout the film. Rear Window is now nearly 60 years old. To what extent has it maintained is ability to create fear, panic, and tension in an audience? Do you think it would be a â€Å"better† film if Hitchcock had had access to the kinds of seamless special effects we see in modern movies? No, Rear Window is a masterpiece which cannot be perfected by use of special effects. This is because instead of investing in expensive special effects, Hitchcock seems more interested in giving glory back to the artists. It emphasizes on exclusion of special effects. Instead, emphasis is laid by

Strategic Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management - Essay Example Understanding current approaches to managing risk and uncertainty in the appraisal of capital investment projects require a deeper insight into the role of financial management in the modern business corporation. Unlike in the past when finance managers merely oversaw the accounting function, recent advances in technology changed the way business is conducted around the world, resulting in the radical transformation of financial management. Presiding over processes that cut across the business, financial managers set strategy, lead crucial change initiatives, and act as real partners in decision-making. The title Chief Financial Officer (CFO) indicates a bigger role for financial managers in ensuring corporate growth. They design ways to maximise shareholder value on a sustainable basis, not only to meet quarterly targets but to transform the corporation into a forceful influence on their industry, nation, and the world. In a globalising world where financial markets operate 24/7, the CFO has to know how to build world-class resource support that would keep the business sustainable. This requires the CFO to instil in the corporation a more positive approach to structural and process streamlining and risk management (Read & Kaufman, 1997, p. v-vii). Events in the past decade highlight the transition of the finance function into strategic financial management, giving emphasis to the importance of present decisions on the future of the business. The focus shifted from profits and into strategic issues of control and adding substantial shareholder value on a sustainable basis. In the wake of the financial scandals early this century, CFOs have focused on managing uncertainty and risk, working hard to avoid nasty surprises in financial reporting, ensure the firm’s conformity with laws and regulations, and sustain a strong credit rating. In fact, managing risk has become one of the most important functions of strategic financial management. Every business

A relationship between being a victim of cyber-bullying and adolescent Essay

A relationship between being a victim of cyber-bullying and adolescent emotional well-being - Essay Example Cyberbullying is an exceptional bullying that has increased a significant amount of attention in the recent past. There is much literature concerning online harassment and cyberbullying; most of these studies have concentrated on the prevalence cyberbullying behaviors among school students. Few of them have established a relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying. Which seems to be a key contributor of criminal behavior and academic performance and other behaviors associated with the adolescent development (Hinduja & Patchini, 2010a). Hinduja & Patchini defines self-esteem as â€Å"a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self.†( Hinduja & Patchini, pg. 1. It can also be said to â€Å"an internal representation of social acceptance and rejection, and a psychological gauge monitoring the degree to which a person is included vs. excluded by others.† (Hinduja & Patchini 2010, pg.1). From these two views self-esteem is a perception about ones belief, and it is affected by an individual participation in the social world. In practice, cyberbullying behaviors are often the same as relational, psychological and indirect forms of traditional bullying. For example, harassment, rumor spreading, exclusion and threatening. However, there are a number of characteristics that distinguish the two forms. First, cyberbullies always remain anonymous, but research has shown that most victims always know who is bullying them within the social cycle. Second, the absence of regulatory institutions that manage cyberspace interactions makes it hard for the bullies to be found. According to Tokunaga (2010), more than 97% of the youth are able to reach one another through internet. Computer and other electronic technology have been at the center of evolution of human behavior. As oppose to the benefits that come along with technology, the youth has taken the advantage of it and are now

Effective Co-Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effective Co-Teaching - Essay Example Consequently, there should be effective procedures to implement a strategy that ensures that all educators have a common goal of ensuring success to all students. Â  An inclusive classroom not only eliminates the exclusion barriers, but also ensures success for all students regardless of students’ potential marginalization because of disabilities; hence reduce the disruptive behaviors associated with an inclusive educational system. However, there are bound misunderstanding between the special education staff and the classroom, which is as a result of poor coordination and cooperation, inefficient learning strategies among the educators, and negative attitude towards an inclusive classroom (Villa, Thousand, & Nevin, 2008). For example, the Sunnyslope Elementary school case study indicates a conflict between the classroom teachers and the special education staff whereby lack of collaboration has led to a blame game on student lack of success. Sunnyslope case requires careful s teps and procedures to ensure that the balanced classroom schedules are balanced, and the collaborative relationship of special educations and classroom teachers is improved, which helps in defining a common goal focused on students’ success. The steps towards a successful learning environment in sunnyslope elementary school should implement the following steps towards the conflict resolution between the special educators and the classroom teachers. ... l education staff members should ensure that they work together in making the optimal classroom accommodation for all including students with disabilities. The interactive and co-teaching method should be implemented whereby the alternate roles of teaching, which will ensure that the teaching staff focuses on a common goal in the learning process, focused success among all students in an inclusive classroom. On the other hand, the special education teachers will feel incorporated in the learning schedules and will not have to provide classroom teachers with the students individual Educational Programs (IEPs) whereby they will have a schedule to enforce them appropriately according to each student’s need (Pastorex, 2011). Moreover, the special educators with the help of classroom teachers should develop inclusive Student’s IEPs that include information to support successful participation students in the general learning process in a classroom. Through an effective collab orative teaching practice, the classroom teachers will have an appreciative aspect of the role of the special educators in ensuring that the inclusion policy is not solely under the classroom teacher, but both the educators. Step 3: Effective Time planning and communication Time schedules and effective communication are significant aspects in ensuring an inclusive teaching practice. The co-teachers at sunnyslope should embrace parity and ensure that the lesson planning is based on grade-level expectations, which encourage the discussion of interpersonal skills and strengths between the special education and classroom teaches. Consequently, an appropriate co-teaching pair is achieved through the outlined IEPs for the classroom to meet the support needs of students with disabilities (Pastorex, 2011).

A relationship between being a victim of cyber-bullying and adolescent Essay

A relationship between being a victim of cyber-bullying and adolescent emotional well-being - Essay Example Cyberbullying is an exceptional bullying that has increased a significant amount of attention in the recent past. There is much literature concerning online harassment and cyberbullying; most of these studies have concentrated on the prevalence cyberbullying behaviors among school students. Few of them have established a relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying. Which seems to be a key contributor of criminal behavior and academic performance and other behaviors associated with the adolescent development (Hinduja & Patchini, 2010a). Hinduja & Patchini defines self-esteem as â€Å"a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self.†( Hinduja & Patchini, pg. 1. It can also be said to â€Å"an internal representation of social acceptance and rejection, and a psychological gauge monitoring the degree to which a person is included vs. excluded by others.† (Hinduja & Patchini 2010, pg.1). From these two views self-esteem is a perception about ones belief, and it is affected by an individual participation in the social world. In practice, cyberbullying behaviors are often the same as relational, psychological and indirect forms of traditional bullying. For example, harassment, rumor spreading, exclusion and threatening. However, there are a number of characteristics that distinguish the two forms. First, cyberbullies always remain anonymous, but research has shown that most victims always know who is bullying them within the social cycle. Second, the absence of regulatory institutions that manage cyberspace interactions makes it hard for the bullies to be found. According to Tokunaga (2010), more than 97% of the youth are able to reach one another through internet. Computer and other electronic technology have been at the center of evolution of human behavior. As oppose to the benefits that come along with technology, the youth has taken the advantage of it and are now

Analysis and Critique of Literature Review Article

Analysis and Critique of Literature Review - Article Example The effectiveness of the process of decision making is highly important for the overall performance of an organization therefore it is of utmost importance to evaluate the factors that influence the effectiveness of the process of decision making. Theoretical Foundation From the outlook of the article, theoretical foundation is clearly apparent. It can be said that the article is based on the concepts of organizational behavior as set by the pioneers on the subject such as Porter and Mintzberg. The author quotes the theories presented by such pioneers throughout the article. According to the author, the decision making process can be classified into three major types which are; fluid, constricted and sporadic, and the author bases this conclusion on a research conducted in 1986 in which 150 decision making processes in British organizations were examined. The author further provides references to a number of other research works conducted by different authors who classify decision ma king processes in accordance with their researches. Relevance of Literature to the Research Question The literature used in this article was mostly the theoretical foundations of the research question under consideration and references to other research works conducted related to the research question. The author has included references to numerous authors who have presented their work on any aspect of the strategic decision making. ... The efficient use of literature increases the concreteness of the content of the article. Therefore it can be inferred that the literature used in this article is relevant to the research question. Synthesis of Literature There is no doubt in the fact that the article provides extensive information regarding the subject and the authenticity of the information provided can be ensured from the references made by the author in this article, however, the length of the article affects the synthesis of the literature. It is not being denied that the facts provided in the article are complete, but in the presence of so many facts and much information, it becomes difficult to ensure the logical sequencing of the information. The synthesis of literature in this article is done quite convincingly by the author but due to the length of the article, it can be said that the article derails from its main theme at times. Instead of keeping the article concise and ensuring conformity with the main t heme, the author provides extensive information regarding the views of other authors on the topic and the research work conducted. It cannot be said that the literature was not synthesized clearly but the synthesis of the literature could have been better had the author given this article the attribute of conciseness. Discussion The article provides a comprehensive insight on the research question and the literature used in the article is highly relevant to the topic as well. The author has made use of a great number of sources and this is the factor that increases the overall credibility of the article. The sources used are for both the main theme of the article and the subproblems identified in the article. The sources used are relevant to both the main

Fruit Fly Essay Example for Free

Fruit Fly Essay This experiment focuses on the effects water bath temperatures have on D. melanogaster entering and recovering an anoxic coma. It was found that there was an indirect relationship between the amount of time it took D. melanogaster to enter and recover from an anoxic coma and the temperature of the water bath. D. melanogaster was able to enter and recover from the anoxia coma quicker when they were drowned in a cold water bath condition when comparing these results to the warm water bath condition results. These results support other research findings that investigated the effects of the water bath temperatures. Also other mechanisms that aid D. melanogaster in being able to successfully survive an anoxia coma were researched and discussed while connecting them to current research on human patients with pulmonary diseases. Many animals have developed mechanisms that allow them to sustain anoxia comas for extended periods of time with little to no physiological consequences. This experiment is designed to test the amount of time it takes Drosophila melanogaster to enter and recover from an anoxia coma at different water bath temperatures. The purpose is to deduce the effects temperature has on the organism’s ability to enter and survive the anoxia coma, and generalize what body changes allow D. melanogaster to accomplish this feat. The results are then extrapolated to include how current research is using this information to reduce the amount of anoxia related stress humans with pulmonary diseases experience. Methods Each condition was tested with a separate single group of D. melanogaster (cold bath 8 flies and warm bath – 11 flies), and all of the flies used were approximately 1-9 day old males. Each group of D. melanogaster was held in a container that provided adequate nutrients prior to the experiment, and then transferred to a drowning container that held no nutrients. One group of D. melanogaster was put into a cold water bath (~3? C) whereas the other group of flies was put into a room temperature bath (~24. 5? C). The amount of time it took for the D. elanogaster to stop moving for each condition was recorded as well as the amount of time it took for the last D. melanogaster to stop moving. Once all movement ceased, the D. melanogasters were left submerged for one hour. Afterwards they were removed from the drowning chambers, and carefully transferred from the drowning chamber to a plastic vial with a cotton stopper using a paint brush. Each vial was tapped for one minute, with the cotton stopper at the bottom, prior to recording the flies’ recovery time in order to help dry off the flies. After the initial minute, the time it took for the first and last D. melanogaster to recover (when they started to walk around, not merely flapping their wings) was recorded, and the amount of viable flies at the end of the experiment was also determined. Results The results show that it took considerable more time for the D. melanogaster to recover from the anoxia coma than it took for them to enter the anoxia coma. The average failure time for both conditions was 124. 75 seconds whereas the average recovery time for both conditions was 690. 75 seconds. Also, the temperature of the water bath seems to have a considerable effect on the amount of time it takes for the flies to enter and recover from the anoxia coma. It took the D. melanogasters that were drowned in the cold water bath an average of 22 seconds to enter the anoxia coma, but an average of 244. 5 seconds to recover from the anoxia coma. This same pattern is seen in the D. melanogaster that were drowned in the warm water bath with an average of 227. 5 seconds to enter the anoxia coma, and an average of 1,137 seconds to recover from the anoxia coma. The Q10 value determines how a change of 10? C can increase the rate of chemical processes in an organism, and was calculated for both the failure and recovery conditions of this experiment. The Q10 value provides information about how an organism’s metabolism is affected by the temperature of its environment. It was found that the flies had a failure Q10 value of 2. 964 whereas the recovery Q10 value was 2. 044. Figure 1: This shows the average amount of time it took for D. melanogaster to stop moving and enter into a coma as a result of being drowned in the water bath. Figure 2: This shows the average amount of time it took for D. melanogaster to start walking/crawling around again after being removed from the water bath. Discussion An exothermic organism’s metabolism exhibits a direct relationship with the temperature of its environment. This means that as the temperature of the organism’s environment decreases the rate of its metabolic pathways also decreases. As an exothermic organism, D. melanogaster shows that it is easier to shut down and enter an anoxic coma when in a colder environment as compared to being in a warmer environment. This shows that when in a cold water bath more mechanisms are working together to aid the organism in entering the anoxic coma. D. melanogaster also showed that is takes significantly more time to recover from an anoxic coma than it takes to enter one regardless of the water bath temperatures. This delay could be a result of the organism recreating its supply of the metabolites it requires to restore the sodium/potassium channels and enzymes needed for the metabolic pathways which are extremely important in providing movement in D. elanogaster. When leaving an anoxic coma D. melanogaster also has to prevent reactive oxygen stress while reoxygenating after anoxia. Milton (2007) showed that T. scripta have 5 potential sites for this type of prevention: up-regulation of protective pathways, increasing antioxidants and decreasing production after reperfusion, and repair, protection, and neurogenesis after the oxidation of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA. CO2 and N2 concentrations are known to also affect the recovery time. According to Nilson (2006), since â€Å"chill comas, CO2, [and N2] act directly on the transmission of neuronal signals† it comes as no surprise that recovery times increase with an increase of CO2 and N2 exposure. Also Vigne (2009) showed that â€Å"strong dietary restrictions that are close to starvation conditions† can reduce the amount of stress experienced from anoxia recovery. Many organisms are able enter anoxic comas in order to conserve their energy and survive extreme conditions for long periods. Haddad (2006) has shown that D. melanogaster can sustain an anoxia coma for up to 5 hours, and T. cripta have been known to survive 2 days of anoxia with less than 3% cell death upon reoxygenation (Milton, 2007). The human brain fails miserably in comparison which will die within 10 minutes of a decreased oxygen supply, since humans do not have mechanisms that allow them to freely enter anoxic comas or effectively deal with the stresses it causes on the body. The study of the mechanisms that allow other organisms to be anoxia tolerant can be used to understand the effects of some human conditions, and develop methods that counter their effect. D. elanogaster has been used in numerous research studies because they â€Å"provide a better model to study non—cell-autonomous effects† (Azad, 2009). In humans, anoxia is specifically associated with pulmonary diseases such as congenital heart diseases with right to left shunts. Present research is focusing on the effects trehalose, a glucose dimer, has with preventing, or reducing, anoxia related stresses that patients with pulmonary diseases experience. According Azad (2009), transfecting mammalian cells with Drosophila tps 1 gene prot ects them from anoxia related injury.

How did John Dewey influence on childrens learning

How did John Dewey influence on childrens learning Cambodia was known as Khmer Kingdom, which was one of the most powerful states in South East Asia. (Ayres, 2000, p.1). However, Cambodia has shrunk and deteriorated since the collapse of Khmer Empire. (Duggan, 1996, p.363) The civil war has jeopardized the social and economic development of Cambodia. Most of the social structures and rural infrastructures were completely destroyed during Khmer Rouge, especially in the educational sector, which is one of the most important for developing the country. The education system has changed dramatically since the French colony from 1968 to 1953, in which education started in the pagodas combined modern and traditional pattern a small group of children entered the French school system. ( Duggan, 1996, p.363). Cambodia was granted full independence in 1953 (Ibid). Therefore, Prince Sihanouk was very interested in educational sector, and he decided to adopt 20 percent of the national budget in order to expand the educational system in Cambodia, however, his decision was bitterly criticized by other people for not providing the educational equity, because the rural children did not receive any educational system from the Prince. He just mainly focused on the urban children. (Duggan, 1996, p.364) Lon Nol came to power in 1970, he started cambodianizing by encouraging students to participate in fighting against the national enemy [Vietnamese]. Most of the students were involved in the army, so they were not able to attend schools, and there were not enough teaching materials for the teachers in the classrooms.(Ayres, 2000, pp.76-80) April 17, 1975 Khmer Rouge took control of Phnom Penh and abolished all social structures and some schools were eradicated and others were changed into prisons, workshops, etc., Children were not allowed to study. A Ministry of Education really existed, but did not work actively and there were several textbooks were produced to guide teachers (Ayres, 2000, pp. 109-110). Moreover, Ayres (2000) wrote that the educational crisis in Cambodia between March 1970 and April 1975 was a function of the material and human destruction generated by a nation at war. (p.68) This research will focus on the following questions: 1. What are some of the current problems in education in Cambodia? 2. What is the role of the teacher and methods of instruction in Cambodia? 3. What is John Deweys perspective on the role of the teacher and methods of instruction? 4. What contributions Deweys would be useful in developing the role of the teacher and methods of instruction in Cambodia? 1. The current issues in education in Cambodia. The new government was elected under the supervision and support of the United Nations (UN) which assisted in running a free and fair election in Cambodia in 1993. The democracy and free market have been exercised in Cambodia since then. The foreign investors and international organizations, namely the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank (WB) and other Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) began to operate their projects in educational sector in Cambodia. (Duggan 1996, p.362). Although there have been considerable changes recently, the educational system has not reached an international goals by 2015 yet, because the number of drop-out and repetition in primary school is still high. The repetition rates in primary dropped from 26.3 percent to 10.2 percent between 1998 and 2005. In addition, drop-out rates in primary school is less than in secondary school. (MoEYS, 2008, p.8) Noticeably, the quality of education service provided for both in primary and lower secondary levels is still in a bad condition caused by the lack of resources, poorly-trained teachers and principalspoor controlling system, teaching and learning materials and irresponsibility from the district and provincial principals.(World Bank, 2008, p.11) Furthermore, the survey which was conducted by the CSES in 2004, based on the question What are the major problems with schooling in this village? reported that there were three main problems: The living standard of teachers which means that teachers salary is still low that cannot afford to buy anything. Poor infrastructure because the schools are in a bad condition. For example, there are not enough chairs and tables for the students to sit and learn. The location of the schools is not close enough for the students to walk from their home. The collected data provided by EMIS in 2004 detailed that 69 percent of primary school teachers had received a degree from lower secondary school (grade 9), and there was only 7 percent of the teachers who finished the primary school. Besides, there was 24 percent of primary teachers had completed the upper secondary school. (MoEYS, 2008, p. 20) Therefore, the quality of education in Cambodia needs improving. Thus the Royal Government of Cambodia has expanded national budget from 0.9 percent in 1997 to 1.5 percent in 2006. (MoEYS World Bank. June 2008, p.59) .Also, the government has promised to increase salary for all teachers from 15 percent to 20 percent every year. (MoEYS World Bank: June 2008, pp.59-62) 2.1. The role of the teacher in Cambodia The students learning progress is mainly based on the teachers performance in the classroom. Thus the teacher act as the model or sample for the students to acquire knowledge, and teachers must be committed to time and efforts in order to instruct and motivate students to achieve their learning objectives. Teachers have to spend more time beside the office working hour to prepare lesson plans, correct homework and give a social and friendly atmosphere to the students in the classroom in order to develop their learning ability. (World Bank, 2008, p.71) 2.2. The methods of instruction in Cambodia The traditional teaching style, was totally based on the teacher frontal and rote learning, has applied in the Cambodian classroom for many years. But in 2005, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS) accepted the new educational theory, which has applied in European and American classrooms, The Principles of Child Friendly Schooling and exercised it Cambodia. These principles are very useful for Cambodian students because it focuses on the childs freedom, which creates a social and friendly environment for the pupils to do a variety of activities in the classrooms. Moreover, it really helps students learn things through their own experiences. (MoEYS World Bank. June, 2008, pp. 71-72) On the other hand, in 2002 the Government of Cambodia passed a new law related Early Childhood Education and Care (ECCE). This law focuses on the child who aged 3 to 8. There are three categories of the programs: First, the Royal Government of Cambodia is responsible for controlling pre-school program. Second, the responsibility comes from the community and the last one is the parents responsibility. The main purpose of the program is to develop not only the childrens mind but also the physical body and the program is under the Department of Early Childhood Education, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (UNESCO, 2006. pp.5-6) 3. What is John Deweys perspective on the role of the teacher and methods of instruction? The man who has changed the educational system from traditional style (authoritarian classroom) to modern style (democratic classroom) is John Dewey. He was known as American psychologist, philosopher, practical teacher and educational reformer, was born in Burlington, New England, Vermont in 1859 and died in 1952. He finished Bachelor degree in 1879 at Vermont University, continued his study in philosophy for a year and received PhD from Hopkins University. (Taneja. V.R. 2010, p.136). Moreover, he worked as a high school teacher at a remote areas in Pennsylvania. He was so curious in philosophy, so he started writing his philosophical essay called Medical physical Assumption of Materialism. (Allen. C. 2005, Track: 139) Beside teaching, Dewey opened his own school University Elementary School. The most important idea of opening this school was to continue to research and experience in new ideas and methods. The children who were under 15 years are permitted to register, and teachers must have many years experience in teaching and the classes are not big, and there are around 10 pupils provided for each teacher. This school was to engage the pupils in social experience. For example, pupils learned how to cook, sew, and weave.(Taneja, 2010, p.p.136-137) Role of the teacher of Dewey For Dewey, the role of the teacher play vitally important role. A Deweyan teacher should be (encourage?) involved in the childs driving force and interests rather than the inculcation of knowledge (fixing ideas in mind by repetition). Moreover, the role of the teacher is to pave the way for the students to experience the consequences in the real world. The other role is to assist the pupils in dealing with contemporary conditions and experiences and activities they have to confront daily. Childs freedom is the most significant of all. However, teachers role is to regulate and organize it well. The teacher should be aware of his own responsibilities and power to instruct the children to acquire the skill and knowledge. In order to save time by not exercising chalk and talk, teacher have to observe, plan and encourage students to learn. Deweyan teachers take a huge responsibility and big chance to provide the pupils with both in democratic co-operation and the higher intellectual pursuits and the fullest aesthetic experience. (Taneja, 2010, pp.150-152) Methods instruction of Dewey According to Dewey, curriculum is not based upon fixed human knowledge, subdivided logically into subjects, and parts of subjects. The curriculum should set up round the childs activities and not subjects. Dewey refused to offer religious and moral education through lessons, but he chose to offer the practical experience. ((Taneja, 2010. p.p.150-152) His contribution and influence Deweys curriculum and methods of teaching have applied not only in the American classrooms but also in the worlds classroom including Cambodia. Dewey had changed the traditional education system into democratic education system by accepting child-centered, which focused attentively on the freedom of the child in the classroom. Conclusion After Khmer Rouge collapsed in January 7, 1979, the new government was installed by the Vietnamese government. Educational system was being restored. However, the Phnom Penh government has estimated that 75 percent of teachers, 96 percent of University students and 67 percent of all primary and secondary school students were murdered. (Beveniste, World Bank, 2008.p.8) Ayres, (200) wrote that in 1979, education was in a severe crisis because there were no settled administrative offices no curricular, teaching materials were not enough and teaching staff is not qualified. Mr. Chan Ven was appointed as the Minister of Education, Youth and Sports with a team of Vietnamese advisers to plan the rehabilitation of Cambodian educational system. Vietnamese government started supporting both the provincial and national levels. Therefore, the Vietnamese was able to hire teachers which were virtually picked up from the streets and village pathway. ( p p.128-130) According to Duggan (1996) in Phnom Penh itself, there were three Vietnamese advisers for every Cambodian official, ten Vietnamese soldiers for every Cambodian one. (p.366) The number of schools has increased rapidly since the 1980s, however, the government of Phnom Penh still faces the big problems running proper educational system because most of teachers are not well-trained and school curricular is not standardized. For instance, farmers, artisans and menial workers were chosen to teachers. Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports and other international organizations (UNESCO, UNICEF and World Bank) have worked co-operatively to develop the educational sector in order to achieve the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG). Moreover, in 2005 Ministry of Education developed national plan of action to reach the goals of educational for all (EFA) by 2015 to ensure that Cambodian children and youths have an equal opportunity to access education. (pp.6-8) In 2004, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports accepted a new program which is called Child Friendly Schools program focused on primary level.(Ibid) This educational theory might have been affected by the American educational reformer Dewey because his teaching methods and the role of the teacher is to facilitate and motivate the pupils to learn new things through their own freedom and experience. Statement Name: YIM SOPHEAK Date: January 31, 2011 I prepared the following assignment by myself and only with the help of the literature mentioned in the references. I did not use other literature to write my assignment. I know that plagiarism is a serious offence and I am totally aware of the negative consequences. Signature: YIM SOPHEAK

Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big

Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big To fully understand this book, people must go behind the book and find the true state of mind of the author. Unfortunately in this case, the author is the one and only Jose Canseco. Jose Canseco is what I like to call, â€Å"The black sheep in the family of baseball.† Canseco’s history can be related to such incidents of drug using, heavy drinking, numerous sexual encounters with hundreds of partners, and unreasonable acts of violence. This book goes into grave detail on how steroids have changed his life and how it is currently changing baseball. Juiced starts off with what appears to be a legal disclaimer. "This book does not intend to condone or encourage the use of any particular drugs, medicine or illegal substances." Yet the author spends most of the time doing nothing but repeating his assertions that taken under proper supervision, these drugs can enhance everyday life. Jose Canseco says he wrote Juiced because he wanted his fans to listen to him and hear him out on what he has to say about the current state of baseball and it’s future. I believe this former 40-40 had another reason for writing this book and it’s plain and simple†¦money. Money encourages the human mind to perform selfish and somewhat outlandish stunts in order to achieve wealth. I believe that Jose Canseco’s mind consists of slop and greed. It’s a proven fact that this 1988 Major League MVP has a truly unstable mind. One incident in his book that proves this is the time he went â€Å"deep sea fishing.† The story begins with Jose Canseco’s wife leaving him for Kansas City Chiefs’ all-star tight end, Tony Gonzalez. Mr. Canseco reacted by grabbing his 12-gauge shotgun and taking his boat out to sea where he decided to shoot sharks with his shotgun when they surfaced. This incident is one of the very many incidents that question the complete truth in Juiced. Jose Canseco is best known for several things: A fly ball bouncing off his noggin and landing over the fence, dating Madonna, his tape measure home runs, having numerous run-ins with the law, being the first man to ever hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season, and his bulging biceps. In Juiced, Canseco recalls other steroid user’s stories within the sport ... ...baseball and hold them responsible. Unfortunately, there are also a lot of bad things rising from the depths of this book. One of these would be the fact that Jose Canseco is gaining more attention for these appalling allegations and stories. Not only is Canseco gaining attention from the media but he’s also profiting immensely from his book, book signings, talk shows, and television appearances. The only thing worse than a regular Jose Canseco is a rich Jose Canseco. We are simply feeding the dragon himself by agreeing and believing all his allegations in Juiced. The book clearly depicts that there are holes within his stories and these prevent the truth to be fully told. Although I have an undying hatred for Jose Canseco, he deserves credit for forcing America to give serious attention to the steroid problem not only in baseball but all of professional sports. Without Jose Canseco’s deceiving stories about the abuse and the media attention that this is creating, there is a possibility that this could have been unnoticed for many years to come. This drug usage throughout the league is clearly paving a dark future for our national pastime.

President Gerald Ford Essay example -- Biographies

President Gerald Ford Outline I. Introduction II. Early Life III. Presidency IV. Conclusion V. Bibliography Introduction Ford may not be the most important president during his time, but he did more than some presidents did for the people. One of them was raising their spirits and hopes for the people to the government. He helped people gain confidence in their president again after losing confidence with Nixon. He set new records and started getting the United States on its feet again after having a very hard time in the past. He started his presidency with an oath on August 9, 1974 which he said - "Our long national nightmare is over (4, page 422)" which started his presidency. Early Life Ford had a more interesting early life than he had during his presidency. He was born in Omaha Nebraska on July 14, 1913. He wasn't always called Gerald Ford, his original name was Leslie Lynch King Jr. His parents were Leslie and Dorothy King. When his parents got divorced while he was two, his mother married a man named Gerald R. Ford from whom he got his most widely known name. Together, they moved to Grand Rapids Michigan (1, Page 1). During his High School years, he was the most popular Senior having been a great athlete and competing within 5 sports, his best being Football. Being good at Football, he got a M.V.P, a scholarship to Michigan with a Football scholarship and was offered a contract by the Green Bay Packers and the Detroit Lions. He finally took a job as assistant Football coach at Yale. While at Yale, he became interested in law and asked to take courses. He was soon invited to learn law in the college and didn't gr... ...cans were at this time. Now Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. now spends the remaining years of his life in California and is an active Republican Member. (4, Page 147) Conclusion As you have read in the above pages, Ford was an important man who has changed history for the good. He might not of done much to make him as famous as other presidents such as Kennedy, Reagan or Abe Lincoln, but he did raise the spirits and sights of many millions of Americans for the Good. Bibliography 1. Prodigy "Ford, Gerald" Grolier Encyclopedia 1992, pp. 1-3 2. Hartmann, Robert T. Palace Politics New York - Robert T. Hartmann Press 1980 3. Carter, Douglas "Power in Washington" Newsweek, November 21, 1966 pp. 29 4. Bumann, Joan and Patterson, John 40 President's Facts Ohio, Willowsip Press 1981

Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange

The essential conflict in Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange exists between the individual and the social order. Philip E. Ray, cites early critics of A Clockwork Orange such as A.A. DeVitis, Carol M. Dix, and Robert K. Morris who suggest that â€Å"the theme of the novel is the conflict between the natural and untainted Individual and the artificial and corrupt State† (479).More importantly, A Clockwork Orange seems to address the individual's ability to express his or her free will within the context of the collective society, and, particularly, poses the interesting question of whether the individual's primary expression of free will is through acts of violence. Through the depiction of a dystopian future, the novel interrogates the interrelationships and conflicts among the individual, society, violence, and free will, thus requiring the reader to do the same.The novel opens with Alex, the narrator and main character, sitting at a bar with his gang of droogs posing the q uestion, â€Å"What's it going to be then, eh?† (Burgess 1). Alex poses this question eleven times throughout the novel. In fact, the novel is book-ended by this question, as it is the first line of the first chapter and the first line of the last.This question seems to present the reader with a declaration of free will. Essentially, Alex seems to be announcing his ability to choose any action he wishes. According to Veronica Hollinger, â€Å"the question itself implies the power of the individual to make choices† (Hollinger 86). The power to choose is the power of free will, and for Alex, choice and free will must be expressed through violence. Even Burgess writes of â€Å"a free and violent will† (Burgess xii) in his introduction to A Clockwork Orange.The first act of violence perpetrated by Alex occurs within the first chapter when the narrator and his group of â€Å"droogs† attack a man in the streets. They proceed to beat the man and destroy his prop erty. The group of youths revels in their violent outburst against the social machine, which is embodied for them in this adult. Within the first thirty pages, Alex and his gang are responsible for four different instances of extreme violence, while the powers-that-be only make a brief appearance and are easily outwitted.The futuristic society of A Clockwork Orange is an extension of our society of commoditization. From clothing to drugs, every possible outlet for the expression of individual free will has been turned into a commodity of the society. The youth seems to be left without any possible expression of individualistic will. Alex seems to see violence as the last non-commercialized expression of individualistic free will available to him; thus, it appears the individual must be in violent conflict with the social order in order to express free will.After the initial scenes of what Alex refers to as â€Å"ultra-violence,† the novel proceeds towards a series of collisio ns between the two main players of the novel: Alex and his society. The social order, embodied in several select social institutions, uses a variety of methods to control Alex's violence in order to maintain its own stability.Alex is eventually captured after he invades the home of a young woman and beats her to death, and the social order, in the form of governmentally funded scientists, begins the process of reforming Alex. The scientists remove Alex from prison and attempt to inhibit his ability to act violently through a chemically induced Pavlovian conditioning designed to make him sick at the very thought of violence. After the experiment is concluded, Alex is completely reformed and cannot stand to enact violence or be witness to violence.When Alex loses his ability to choose violence, he also seems to lose any expression of will. The relationship between free will and violence is expressed through the musings of the prison chaplain who eventually poses the question, â€Å"I s a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some way better than a man who has the good imposed on him?† (Burgess 106).Essentially, the chaplain worries that Alex cannot be truly human and good if he cannot make a choice to be, or not be, violent. After Alex is conditioned and his violent free will is removed, he undergoes a series of hardships, ending in his near suicide.From the moment Alex loses his violent will, the reader must watch him undergo torments in the form of rejection by his parents, beatings by his previous friends, and torture at the hands of a radical anti-government writer.   Further, Alex is pushed around from place to place and seems to have no will of his own. The loss of a violent will seems to be the loss of free will and individuality.Violence in A Clockwork Orange appears to function as synecdoche for all individual expression. If the only way for Alex to express himself effectively is to engage in violent acts, then the violence-less Alex is a tragic cr eature because he lacks any expression at all. The destruction of violence by society is the destruction of the individual and expressions of free will.Despite the evidence that violence is only an expression of the individual and free will, the text is also full of examples that point towards violence as a mechanism of society. In fact, the society seems to need violence just as much as Alex, as a representation of the individual, does. Violence is exhibited as a tool of the social order in several key scenes—notably a police brutality scene after Alex is released from prison and the novel's original, final chapter.

Pollution in Vellore

CASE STUDY ON POLLUTION IN VELLORE: SOURCES AND MEASURES TO CHECK IT. SOURCES AND METHODS TO REDUCE POLLUTION IN VELLORE Shraddha Sahu and Akshay Ahuja B. tech- Electronics and communication Engg. , SENSE, VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore, Tamil Nadu – 632014 Email id- shraddha. [email  protected] ac. in ABSTRACT: Vellore, also known as ‘fort city’ and a historical destination in southernmost India , is one of the fastest growing cities. This city is a hub for leather industries, chemical industries as well as automobile and mechanical industries.It ranks 8 in the most polluted cities on the survey conducted by The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in conjunction with IIT-Delhi. The observation of pollution in this city was conducted with an aim to study the sources of pollution in the city and measures to control it. The observation of pollution was done by roaming around in the city between chittoor bus stand to new bus stand. The rapid industrial growth is respon sible for the pollution. KEYWORDS: Historical destination, conjuction, pollution. INTRODUCTION: Since the industrial revolution the world has witnessed the rapid expansion of its cities.For years humans have been flocking to these urban centres in search of jobs, commodities, entertainment and other phenomenathat can commonly be found in cities. [1] Pollution of Environment or environmental pollution means making the environment foul. Our environment means the surrounding of our house where we live, the surrounding of our village where we live or the surrounding of our town or city where we live. If our surrounding gets polluted we suffer from many kinds of disease and sickness. If our surrounding gets highly polluted, our life gets endangered. [2] Modern evelopment processes, especially industrialization, have come in for a great deal of criticism for their utter disregard for the environment. Trash and garbage is a common sight in urban and rural areas of India. It is a major sour ce of pollution. [3] Street corners are piled with trash. Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter, rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. [4] Air pollution  is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. [5] In urban areas, vehicle emissions are another source of air pollution.Vehicle emissions are worsened by fuel adulteration and poor fuel combustion effi    ciencies from traffic congestion and low density of quality, high speed  road network  per 1000 people.. [6] Rapid urbanization during the recent decades has given rise to a number of environmental problems such as water supply, waste water generation and its collection, treatment and disposal. Vellore city which came up on the bank of palar river have not given a proper thought to the problems of wastewater, sewerage etc. In urban areas, the wastewater is let out untreated and causes large scale water po llution. [7] METHODOLOGY:To find out the source of the pollution and think over the measures to control it the region between chittoor bus stand and new bus stand of vellore city was selected as the locale for this study. The observation of the pollution was carried out by roaming around the streets. Photographs were taken out and normal discussion of source of pollution was done with local people. The local people were asked about the difficulties they face due to the pollution and how can we overcome this from their point of view. Use of internet and e-books were taken to study more about this problem and to check it. RESULT:From the above study we came to know that the pollution in vellore city is no more different from other cities. The common sites seen were roadside garbage dumping, unhygienic area around water sources, air pollution due to emission of gases by vehicles, accumulation of solid waste and poor sanitation. This problem is common to almost every city in India. The common traditional known sources of air pollution are power plants, industries, road dust, construction work, garbage burning, vehicle exhaust and domestic fuels. The sources of land pollution are garbage dumping and improper disposal of solid waste.The sources of water pollution are sewage discharge from industries, poor sanitation, disposal of waste in water sources and religious sources. DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS: The important landmarks that come between old chittoor bus stand of vellore to new bus stand of vellore are Pillayar koil, thiru nagar, silk mill, gandhinagar, doordarshan, virthumpet and new bridge road over the palar river. Problems related to city: Use of tetrapacks, plastic plates, cups and bags, tin cans and similar throw-away items has increased in the last decade.Lack of proper waste collection, segregation and management systems and poor sanitary conditions are aggravating health problems. The reason for the contamination of the ground water in Vellore is because the tanneries are dumping their effluents into city’s lifeline—the Palar River. All the tanneries here from Vaniampadi to Ranipet dump their effluents into the river. [8] Problem related to palar river bed: The Palar River bed is dry most of the year because it is a seasonal river. It stirs to life every year during the monsoon. When the river is devoid of water the riverbed is quarried for its 15 feet of sand.Palar is the primary source of drinking water for the residents of Vellore. But those who live in this city made famous by the super speciality hospital, Christian Medical College, say that the clear water of Palar has turned into blood red. A local environment group, Pasumai Thayagam, affirms that the red toxic water has destroyed sources of potable drinking water in various localities of Vellore like Ambur, Vaniampadi and Ranipet. Measures taken by government to check pollution in vellore: Exnora Green Cross, supported by UNICEF, initiated a pilot project on s olid waste management in a ward of Vellore municipality in 2000.ZWM [Zero Waste Management] is a system of managing solid wastes that strives for maximum waste recovery through recycling and reuse, aiming at zero waste generation. †¢ It minimizes pollution of ground water and air by doing away with disposal of wastes at dumpsites and land? lls. †¢ Zero waste management integrates the informal recycling sector (ragpickers and waste collectors) into the solid waste management system providing opportunities for income generation. Possible measures that can be taken: 1. Conversion of waste paper into pepwood: Conversion of waste paper into pulp articles is an old art.We can reduce garbage by recycling the waste paper in a decentralized manner. It will help in prevention of burning of waste paper & ? lthy sights. Women/SHG members/unemployed youths/after receiving thorough training can undertake this activity. 2. Liquid Waste Management through Root Zone Treatment: Under the li quid waste management practices at community level, the waste water from toilets is being treated naturally through â€Å"Root Zone Treatment Method (Natural plant based system)†. The treated water (5500 liter per day for 50 person’s occupancy) is recycled for toilet flushing and landscaping purposes. . Eco Friendly plastic fuel [Conversion of waste plastic into liquid hydrocarbons/ energy]: Prof. Mrs. Alka Umesh Zadgaonkar, Head of Department of Applied Chemistry at the Nagpur based G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, invented an Environment friendly catalyticadditive process for disposal of waste plastic. The invented process involves degradation of waste plastic using `catalytic-additive’ and is different from the generally existing pyrolytic processes. The products obtained in the process are Liquid hydrocarbons, Gas and residual Coke.It is a major breakthrough in the arena of non-conventional sources of energy! 4. Black water management from community toi let: EXNORA International Chennai, through its unit in Tiruchi District, has taken up construction of Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS), which is ideally suited for small colonies, apartments, slum areas etc. Salient features: †¢ Decentralized treatment of black water. †¢ Reuse of treated water for raising trees, vegetables. †¢ Use of biogas for cooking and lighting. †¢ No Electricity or chemical is used for treatment. Very easy for operation and maintenance since it does not have hazardous or complicated machinery. CONCLUSION: Urbanisation brings prosperity but at the same time creates environmental problems like pollution, accumulation of solid waste and poor sanitation. . In this context, solid waste management is an area of challenge and of innovation for urban planners and city corporations. A zero waste management (ZWM) project by NGO Exnora Green Cross, initially piloted with UNICEF, in Tamil Nadu’s Vellore district is an example o f a successful solid waste management programme and its bene? s. REFERENCES: 1. â€Å"The little green data book†. The world bank. 2010. 2. â€Å"Environment assessment, Country data: India† , The world bank. 2011. 3. Radhakanta Swain, Essay. 4. â€Å"Drowning in a sea of garbage†, New York times. April 2010. 5. Atmanand et al. (2009). â€Å"Energy and Sustainable Development-An Indian Perspective†. World Academy of Science. 6. â€Å"Urban air pollution, catching gasoline and diesel adulteration†. World bank 2002. 7. Krishnakumar Asha, 1995. Streams of poison. 8. V. K. Shashikumar, Tehelka magazine, 16 july 2005